Survey Results

Philosophical questions

All respondents

1785 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Main questions

A priori knowledge: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
71.37% (71.20%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
18.10% (17.93%)
Other
10.87%
N = 1785
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
Accept or lean towards:
Platonism
35.24% (34.73%)
Accept or lean towards:
nominalism
38.43% (37.98%)
Other
27.28%
N = 1785
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
Accept or lean towards:
objective
41.46% (38.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
38.66% (35.41%)
Other
26.33%
N = 1785
Aim of philosophy (which is most important?): truth/knowledge, understanding, wisdom, happiness, or goodness/justice?
Accept or lean towards:
truth/knowledge
41.85% (17.54%)
Accept or lean towards:
understanding
55.35% (29.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
wisdom
30.92% (9.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
happiness
12.55% (1.34%)
Accept or lean towards:
goodness/justice
22.52% (3.08%)
Other
38.71%
N = 1785
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
59.61% (59.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
24.59% (24.31%)
Other
16.53%
N = 1785
Eating animals and animal products (is it permissible to eat animals and/or animal products in ordinary circumstances?): omnivorism (yes and yes), vegetarianism (no and yes), or veganism (no and no)?
Accept or lean towards:
omnivorism (yes and yes)
47.45% (46.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
vegetarianism (no and yes)
26.16% (23.64%)
Accept or lean towards:
veganism (no and no)
18.15% (16.30%)
Other
13.56%
N = 1785
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
32.44% (27.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
45.88% (41.18%)
Other
31.20%
N = 1785
Experience machine (would you enter?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
12.27% (12.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
70.70% (70.70%)
Other
17.03%
N = 1785
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
Accept or lean towards:
idealism
6.55% (5.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
skepticism
5.38% (4.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-skeptical realism
78.60% (77.25%)
Other
12.66%
N = 1785
Footbridge (pushing man off bridge will save five on track below, what ought one do?): push or don't push?
Accept or lean towards:
push
21.40% (21.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't push
54.62% (54.40%)
Other
24.59%
N = 1785
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
Accept or lean towards:
compatibilism
58.26% (56.81%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
18.54% (17.93%)
Accept or lean towards:
no free will
11.04% (10.42%)
Other
14.85%
N = 1785
Gender: biological, psychological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
26.89% (14.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological
19.94% (3.98%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
58.43% (39.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
3.92% (1.51%)
Other
40.67%
N = 1785
God: theism or atheism?
Accept or lean towards:
theism
18.77% (18.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
atheism
66.39% (66.16%)
Other
15.35%
N = 1785
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
42.35% (35.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
rationalism
32.32% (25.83%)
Other
38.21%
N = 1785
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
Accept or lean towards:
contextualism
45.10% (43.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
relativism
4.48% (3.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
invariantism
21.06% (20.06%)
Other
33.56%
N = 1785
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
27.23% (26.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-Humean
47.28% (46.78%)
Other
26.39%
N = 1785
Logic: classical or non-classical?
Accept or lean towards:
classical
42.52% (38.60%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-classical
20.95% (17.25%)
Other
44.15%
N = 1785
Meaning of life: subjective, objective, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
31.93% (27.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective
30.98% (26.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
15.57% (14.40%)
Other
31.54%
N = 1785
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
22.35% (18.60%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
49.30% (45.66%)
Other
35.74%
N = 1785
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral realism
59.78% (59.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral anti-realism
25.15% (24.82%)
Other
15.91%
N = 1785
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
Accept or lean towards:
naturalism
43.53% (42.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
27.00% (26.33%)
Other
30.81%
N = 1785
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
Accept or lean towards:
physicalism
50.42% (50.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-physicalism
31.15% (30.92%)
Other
18.99%
N = 1785
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
Accept or lean towards:
cognitivism
63.47% (62.46%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-cognitivism
18.99% (18.21%)
Other
19.33%
N = 1785
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
32.83% (30.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
31.48% (29.30%)
Other
40.17%
N = 1785
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
Accept or lean towards:
one box
18.71% (18.43%)
Accept or lean towards:
two boxes
23.42% (23.08%)
Other
58.49%
N = 1785
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
Accept or lean towards:
deontology
31.26% (19.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
consequentialism
29.80% (20.90%)
Accept or lean towards:
virtue ethics
36.08% (24.43%)
Other
35.46%
N = 1785
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
Accept or lean towards:
disjunctivism
11.60% (10.25%)
Accept or lean towards:
qualia theory
11.20% (9.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
representationalism
29.13% (26.78%)
Accept or lean towards:
sense-datum theory
3.70% (2.86%)
Other
50.25%
N = 1785
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
Accept or lean towards:
biological view
17.25% (14.12%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological view
39.50% (35.69%)
Accept or lean towards:
further-fact view
13.45% (12.10%)
Other
38.10%
N = 1785
Philosophical methods (which methods are the most useful/important?)
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual analysis
68.85%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual analysis
11.26%
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual engineering
38.32%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual engineering
20.00%
Accept or lean towards:
empirical philosophy
58.26%
Reject or lean against:
empirical philosophy
14.06%
Accept or lean towards:
experimental philosophy
31.65%
Reject or lean against:
experimental philosophy
34.90%
Accept or lean towards:
formal philosophy
53.89%
Reject or lean against:
formal philosophy
12.49%
Accept or lean towards:
intuition-based philosophy
48.01%
Reject or lean against:
intuition-based philosophy
28.18%
Accept or lean towards:
linguistic philosophy
44.82%
Reject or lean against:
linguistic philosophy
20.90%
Other
100.00%
N = 1785
Philosophical progress (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
3.81% (3.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
46.33% (45.55%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
41.46% (41.01%)
Other
9.69%
N = 1785
Political philosophy: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
Accept or lean towards:
communitarianism
23.47% (18.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
egalitarianism
37.93% (32.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
11.54% (8.85%)
Other
39.22%
N = 1785
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
Accept or lean towards:
Fregean
25.66% (24.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
Millian
27.51% (26.67%)
Other
48.63%
N = 1785
Race: biological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
17.25% (10.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
58.60% (48.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
13.89% (10.53%)
Other
30.08%
N = 1785
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
scientific realism
68.46% (67.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
scientific anti-realism
14.23% (13.50%)
Other
18.82%
N = 1785
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
31.09% (30.70%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
35.35% (35.01%)
Other
34.29%
N = 1785
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
Accept or lean towards:
A-theory
17.14% (15.63%)
Accept or lean towards:
B-theory
24.03% (22.46%)
Other
61.90%
N = 1785
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
Accept or lean towards:
switch
61.68% (60.78%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't switch
12.94% (12.27%)
Other
26.95%
N = 1785
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
correspondence
47.28% (44.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
22.58% (20.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
9.36% (8.07%)
Other
27.00%
N = 1785
Vagueness: epistemic, metaphysical, or semantic?
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
19.38% (13.05%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysical
16.69% (12.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic
41.79% (34.12%)
Other
40.67%
N = 1785
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
Accept or lean towards:
inconceivable
14.79% (14.29%)
Accept or lean towards:
conceivable but not metaphysically possible
32.94% (32.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
22.02% (21.85%)
Other
31.60%
N = 1785

Additional questions

Abortion (first trimester, no special circumstances): permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
77.71% (77.37%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
12.46% (12.20%)
Other
10.42%
N = 1180
Aesthetic experience: perception, pleasure, or sui generis?
Accept or lean towards:
perception
17.19% (15.23%)
Accept or lean towards:
pleasure
8.64% (6.77%)
Accept or lean towards:
sui generis
22.71% (21.82%)
Other
56.19%
N = 1123
Analysis of knowledge: justified true belief, other analysis, or no analysis?
Accept or lean towards:
justified true belief
21.43% (20.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
other analysis
29.23% (28.70%)
Accept or lean towards:
no analysis
27.81% (27.64%)
Other
22.67%
N = 1129
Arguments for theism (which argument is strongest?): cosmological, design, ontological, pragmatic, or moral?
Accept or lean towards:
cosmological
18.80% (14.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
design
15.91% (12.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
ontological
8.00% (6.15%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
12.83% (10.46%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral
8.44% (5.71%)
Other
50.26%
N = 1138
Belief or credence (which is more fundamental?): belief, credence, or neither?
Accept or lean towards:
belief
20.77% (20.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
credence
21.21% (20.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
neither
13.23% (13.15%)
Other
45.66%
N = 1141
Capital punishment: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
17.11% (17.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
72.48% (72.40%)
Other
10.49%
N = 1163
Causation: counterfactual/difference-making, process/production, primitive, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
counterfactual/difference-making
28.89% (25.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
process/production
17.49% (14.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
15.93% (14.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
3.22% (2.96%)
Other
41.86%
N = 1149
Chinese room: understands or doesn't understand?
Accept or lean towards:
understands
15.96% (15.87%)
Accept or lean towards:
doesn't understand
60.02% (60.02%)
Other
24.11%
N = 1153
Concepts: nativism or empiricism?
Accept or lean towards:
nativism
21.42% (17.78%)
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
38.40% (34.40%)
Other
47.82%
N = 1125
Consciousness: dualism, eliminativism, functionalism, identity theory, or panpsychism?
Accept or lean towards:
dualism
19.41% (17.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminativism
3.99% (3.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
functionalism
29.20% (26.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity theory
11.79% (10.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
panpsychism
6.67% (5.37%)
Other
37.35%
N = 1154
Continuum hypothesis (does it have a determinate truth-value?): determinate or indeterminate?
Accept or lean towards:
determinate
16.22% (16.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
indeterminate
12.34% (12.34%)
Other
71.44%
N = 1110
Cosmological fine-tuning (what explains it?): design, multiverse, brute fact, or no fine-tuning?
Accept or lean towards:
design
12.23% (11.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
multiverse
10.66% (8.73%)
Accept or lean towards:
brute fact
22.62% (20.52%)
Accept or lean towards:
no fine-tuning
15.28% (13.71%)
Other
46.03%
N = 1145
Environmental ethics: anthropocentric or non-anthropocentric?
Accept or lean towards:
anthropocentric
32.90% (31.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-anthropocentric
39.46% (37.97%)
Other
30.53%
N = 1143
Extended mind: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
43.15% (42.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
31.21% (31.12%)
Other
25.99%
N = 1131
Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism, formalism, logicism, structuralism, or set-theoretic?
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism/intuitionism
8.20% (7.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
formalism
3.30% (2.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
logicism
6.33% (5.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
structuralism
11.32% (9.54%)
Accept or lean towards:
set-theoretic
8.20% (6.95%)
Other
67.91%
N = 1122
Gender categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
17.36% (16.06%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
43.18% (40.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
13.82% (12.35%)
Other
30.83%
N = 1158
Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological, inferential, interpretational, phenomenal, or primitive?
Accept or lean towards:
causal/teleological
21.88% (18.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
inferential
5.98% (4.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
interpretational
9.49% (7.64%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
7.91% (6.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
8.61% (7.82%)
Other
55.18%
N = 1138
Hard problem of consciousness (is there one?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
54.60% (54.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
26.03% (25.94%)
Other
19.54%
N = 1141
Human genetic engineering: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
58.77% (58.77%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
17.80% (17.80%)
Other
23.42%
N = 1157
Hume (what is his view?): skeptic or naturalist?
Accept or lean towards:
skeptic
28.02% (22.20%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist
42.20% (36.39%)
Other
41.41%
N = 1135
Immortality (would you choose it?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
43.33% (43.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
39.86% (39.86%)
Other
16.81%
N = 1154
Interlevel metaphysics (which is the most useful?): grounding, identity, realization, or supervenience?
Accept or lean towards:
grounding
19.33% (14.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity
7.62% (4.52%)
Accept or lean towards:
realization
13.92% (9.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
supervenience
16.40% (12.23%)
Other
59.04%
N = 1128
Justification: coherentism, infinitism, nonreliabilist foundationalism, or reliabilism?
Accept or lean towards:
coherentism
19.46% (15.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
infinitism
1.64% (1.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonreliabilist foundationalism
20.67% (17.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
reliabilism
27.60% (23.70%)
Other
41.44%
N = 1156
Kant (what is his view?): one world or two worlds?
Accept or lean towards:
one world
28.85% (28.58%)
Accept or lean towards:
two worlds
22.16% (21.81%)
Other
49.60%
N = 1137
Law: legal positivism or legal non-positivism?
Accept or lean towards:
legal positivism
21.81% (21.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
legal non-positivism
24.84% (24.40%)
Other
54.16%
N = 1119
Material composition: nihilism, restrictivism, or universalism?
Accept or lean towards:
nihilism
4.15% (3.89%)
Accept or lean towards:
restrictivism
17.76% (17.58%)
Accept or lean towards:
universalism
13.87% (13.34%)
Other
65.19%
N = 1132
Metaontology: heavyweight realism, deflationary realism, or anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
heavyweight realism
24.03% (23.41%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary realism
17.49% (16.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
anti-realism
7.42% (7.24%)
Other
52.39%
N = 1132
Method in history of philosophy (which do you prefer?): analytic/rational reconstruction or contextual/historicist?
Accept or lean towards:
analytic/rational reconstruction
49.26% (34.81%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextual/historicist
36.02% (21.73%)
Other
43.46%
N = 1155
Method in political philosophy (which do you prefer?): ideal theory or non-ideal theory?
Accept or lean towards:
ideal theory
22.29% (15.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-ideal theory
39.86% (32.95%)
Other
51.66%
N = 1144
Mind uploading (brain replaced by digital emulation): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
25.02% (24.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
49.42% (49.24%)
Other
26.01%
N = 1115
Moral principles: moral generalism or moral particularism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral generalism
46.33% (44.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral particularism
28.65% (27.18%)
Other
27.87%
N = 1159
Morality: non-naturalism, naturalist realism, constructivism, expressivism, or error theory?
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
23.84% (21.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist realism
28.40% (25.24%)
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism
18.67% (15.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
expressivism
9.55% (7.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
error theory
4.73% (3.51%)
Other
26.29%
N = 1141
Normative concepts (which is most fundamental?): fit, ought, reasons, or value?
Accept or lean towards:
fit
5.66% (3.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
ought
10.96% (8.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
reasons
19.68% (16.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
value
28.93% (25.34%)
Other
46.00%
N = 1113
Other minds (for which groups are some members conscious?)
Accept or lean towards:
adult humans
89.26%
Reject or lean against:
adult humans
0.17%
Accept or lean towards:
cats
83.08%
Reject or lean against:
cats
3.69%
Accept or lean towards:
fish
61.25%
Reject or lean against:
fish
13.83%
Accept or lean towards:
flies
32.39%
Reject or lean against:
flies
36.00%
Accept or lean towards:
worms
22.68%
Reject or lean against:
worms
43.73%
Accept or lean towards:
plants
6.79%
Reject or lean against:
plants
74.74%
Accept or lean towards:
particles
1.89%
Reject or lean against:
particles
83.59%
Accept or lean towards:
newborn babies
79.12%
Reject or lean against:
newborn babies
4.55%
Accept or lean towards:
current AI systems
3.18%
Reject or lean against:
current AI systems
77.32%
Accept or lean towards:
future AI systems
36.77%
Reject or lean against:
future AI systems
25.17%
Other
100.00%
N = 1164
Ought implies can: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
59.30% (59.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
26.70% (26.52%)
Other
14.35%
N = 1150
Philosophical knowledge (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
3.43% (3.43%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
30.99% (30.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
53.56% (53.05%)
Other
12.96%
N = 1165
Plato (what is his view?): knowledge only of forms or knowledge also of concrete things?
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge only of forms
29.78% (29.60%)
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge also of concrete things
15.91% (15.73%)
Other
54.67%
N = 1125
Politics: capitalism or socialism?
Accept or lean towards:
capitalism
28.14% (24.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
socialism
50.52% (46.34%)
Other
28.75%
N = 1148
Possible worlds: abstract, concrete, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
abstract
50.04% (48.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
concrete
4.21% (3.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
27.38% (26.44%)
Other
20.86%
N = 1165
Practical reason: Aristotelian, Humean, or Kantian?
Accept or lean towards:
Aristotelian
30.26% (26.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
23.92% (22.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
Kantian
14.78% (12.40%)
Other
38.70%
N = 1137
Principle of sufficient reason: true or false?
Accept or lean towards:
true
29.89% (29.54%)
Accept or lean towards:
false
38.08% (37.99%)
Other
32.47%
N = 1124
Properties: classes, immanent universals, transcendent universals, tropes, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
classes
7.94% (7.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
immanent universals
14.27% (12.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
transcendent universals
13.74% (12.04%)
Accept or lean towards:
tropes
10.62% (9.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
5.62% (5.44%)
Other
53.52%
N = 1121
Propositional attitudes: dispositional, phenomenal, representational, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
dispositional
22.18% (18.19%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
4.88% (3.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
representational
32.74% (28.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
2.48% (2.31%)
Other
47.56%
N = 1127
Propositions: sets, structured entities, simple entities, acts, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
sets
5.95% (5.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
structured entities
27.21% (25.63%)
Accept or lean towards:
simple entities
4.90% (4.02%)
Accept or lean towards:
acts
5.77% (5.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
10.94% (10.67%)
Other
49.08%
N = 1143
Quantum mechanics: collapse, hidden-variables, many-worlds, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
collapse
8.53% (7.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
hidden-variables
10.95% (9.34%)
Accept or lean towards:
many-worlds
9.69% (8.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
6.37% (5.66%)
Other
69.12%
N = 1114
Race categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
6.52% (5.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
25.83% (24.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
32.26% (31.33%)
Other
38.53%
N = 1181
Rational disagreement (can two people with the same evidence rationally disagree?): non-permissivism or permissivism?
Accept or lean towards:
non-permissivism
16.75% (16.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
permissivism
60.59% (60.59%)
Other
22.66%
N = 1152
Response to external-world skepticism (which is strongest?): abductive, contextualist, dogmatist, epistemic externalist, semantic externalist, or pragmatic?
Accept or lean towards:
abductive
18.15% (14.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextualist
8.81% (6.34%)
Accept or lean towards:
dogmatist
11.01% (8.28%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic externalist
15.51% (11.98%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic externalist
6.87% (4.41%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
18.68% (14.98%)
Other
39.91%
N = 1135
Semantic content (which expressions are context-dependent?): minimalism (no more than a few), moderate contextualism (intermediate), or radical contextualism (most or all) ?
Accept or lean towards:
minimalism (no more than a few)
6.37% (6.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
moderate contextualism (intermediate)
35.69% (35.25%)
Accept or lean towards:
radical contextualism (most or all)
17.36% (17.02%)
Other
41.62%
N = 1146
Sleeping beauty (woken once if heads, woken twice if tails, credence in heads on waking?): one-third or one-half?
Accept or lean towards:
one-third
10.52% (10.52%)
Accept or lean towards:
one-half
7.07% (7.07%)
Other
82.40%
N = 1131
Spacetime: relationism or substantivalism?
Accept or lean towards:
relationism
25.13% (24.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
substantivalism
15.22% (15.04%)
Other
60.00%
N = 1130
Statue and lump: one thing or two things?
Accept or lean towards:
one thing
25.46% (25.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
two things
35.37% (34.92%)
Other
39.96%
N = 1131
Temporal ontology: presentism, eternalism, or growing block?
Accept or lean towards:
presentism
12.11% (11.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
eternalism
26.28% (25.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
growing block
11.21% (11.03%)
Other
51.93%
N = 1115
Theory of reference: causal, descriptive, or deflationary?
Accept or lean towards:
causal
35.90% (31.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
descriptive
17.15% (13.17%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
11.67% (10.88%)
Other
44.12%
N = 1131
Time travel: metaphysically possible or metaphysically impossible?
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
34.96% (34.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically impossible
33.91% (33.91%)
Other
31.12%
N = 1147
True contradictions: impossible, possible but non-actual, or actual?
Accept or lean towards:
impossible
58.51% (58.24%)
Accept or lean towards:
possible but non-actual
3.90% (3.81%)
Accept or lean towards:
actual
10.20% (10.02%)
Other
27.93%
N = 1128
Units of selection: genes or organisms?
Accept or lean towards:
genes
26.31% (19.93%)
Accept or lean towards:
organisms
26.04% (19.75%)
Other
60.32%
N = 1129
Values in science (is ideal scientific reasoning necessarily sensitive or insensitive to non-epistemic values?): necessarily value-free, necessarily value-laden, or can be either?
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-free
15.27% (15.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-laden
38.01% (37.92%)
Accept or lean towards:
can be either
26.86% (26.50%)
Other
20.40%
N = 1113
Well-being: hedonism/experientialism, desire satisfaction, or objective list?
Accept or lean towards:
hedonism/experientialism
10.69% (8.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
desire satisfaction
15.64% (12.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective list
44.66% (41.96%)
Other
36.84%
N = 1151
Wittgenstein (which do you prefer?): early or late?
Accept or lean towards:
early
20.72% (17.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
late
48.43% (45.02%)
Other
37.50%
N = 1144