Survey Results

Belief or credence (which is more fundamental?): credence, belief, or neither?


774 respondents
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What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Accept or lean towards:
belief
30.62% (29.97%)
Reject or lean against:
belief
0.00% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
credence
31.27% (30.75%)
Reject or lean against:
credence
0.13% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
neither
19.51% (19.38%)
Reject or lean against:
neither
0.13% (0.00%)
Accept a combination of views
0.65%
Accept an alternative view
1.03%
The question is too unclear to answer
3.49%
There is no fact of the matter
2.58%
Agnostic/undecided
11.89%
Other
0.26%
N = 774, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (367 respondents)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

This question was not in the 2009 survey

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.31
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 90 70
Reject 84 239
n: 483
p < 0.0001
r: -0.29
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 34 129
Reject 140 180
n: 483
p < 0.0001
r: 0.25
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 84 68
Reject 106 195
n: 453
p < 0.0001
r: -0.25
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 40 106
Reject 150 157
n: 453
p < 0.0001
r: 0.23
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 75 80
Reject 86 248
n: 489
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 36 78
Reject 100 128
n: 342
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 46 100
Reject 52 255
n: 453
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 46 125
Reject 115 203
n: 489
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 21 131
Reject 77 224
n: 453
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 55 134
Reject 178 222
n: 589
p < 0.0001
r: -0.21
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 82 97
Reject 209 125
n: 513
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 53 61
Reject 70 158
n: 342
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 110 107
Reject 135 274
n: 626
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 104 114
Reject 108 293
n: 619
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 115 73
Reject 290 80
n: 558
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 109 54
Reject 182 168
n: 513
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 130 63
Reject 201 193
n: 587
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Belief or credence: neither Accept Reject
Accept 17 81
Reject 28 341
n: 467
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 191 18
Reject 318 86
n: 613
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 28 119
Reject 26 295
n: 468
p < 0.0001
r: -0.19
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 17 156
Reject 76 225
n: 474
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 133 72
Reject 187 239
n: 631
p < 0.0001
r: -0.19
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 46 114
Reject 150 172
n: 482
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 110 93
Reject 126 252
n: 581
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 59 59
Reject 77 147
n: 342
p: 0.0005
r: -0.19
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 98 113
Reject 278 165
n: 654
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 97 105
Reject 136 251
n: 589
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 33 194
Reject 109 338
n: 674
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 57 122
Reject 62 273
n: 514
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 47 154
Reject 165 253
n: 619
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 82 81
Reject 114 205
n: 482
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 60 137
Reject 176 208
n: 581
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 109 75
Reject 156 208
n: 548
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 32 86
Reject 91 133
n: 342
p: 0.0009
r: 0.18
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 39 123
Reject 45 272
n: 479
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 40 82
Reject 35 185
n: 342
p: 0.001
r: -0.18
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 36 84
Reject 116 109
n: 345
p: 0.001
r: 0.18
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 156 32
Reject 249 121
n: 558
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 99 119
Reject 228 175
n: 621
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 86 141
Reject 89 337
n: 653
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 25 139
Reject 94 256
n: 514
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 72 114
Reject 193 169
n: 548
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 90 93
Reject 126 228
n: 537
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 24 123
Reject 29 263
n: 439
p: 0.0004
r: -0.17
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 90 111
Reject 203 185
n: 589
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 121 81
Reject 206 213
n: 621
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 19 140
Reject 65 255
n: 479
p: 0.0003
r: -0.17
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 39 142
Reject 108 256
n: 545
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 62 148
Reject 183 233
n: 626
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 46 158
Reject 121 244
n: 569
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 84 132
Reject 236 179
n: 631
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 65 139
Reject 164 213
n: 581
p < 0.0001
r: 0.16
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 46 107
Reject 47 274
n: 474
p: 0.0005
r: -0.16
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 57 158
Reject 173 239
n: 627
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 54 124
Reject 162 197
n: 537
p: 0.0002
r: 0.16
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 125 67
Reject 183 179
n: 554
p: 0.0002
r: -0.16
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 59 157
Reject 172 240
n: 628
p < 0.0001
r: 0.16
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 66 161
Reject 76 371
n: 674
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 29 141
Reject 25 300
n: 495
p: 0.0006
r: 0.15
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 143 81
Reject 233 197
n: 654
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 82 130
Reject 115 308
n: 635
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 64 109
Reject 83 289
n: 545
p: 0.0005
r: -0.15
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 33 196
Reject 108 342
n: 679
p < 0.0001
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 55 122
Reject 71 283
n: 531
p: 0.0008
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 18 186
Reject 15 352
n: 571
p: 0.0006
r: -0.14
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 146 59
Reject 333 92
n: 630
p: 0.0003
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 86 143
Reject 140 313
n: 682
p: 0.0002
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 67 91
Reject 107 213
n: 478
p: 0.0019
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 43 132
Reject 41 260
n: 476
p: 0.002
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: neither Accept Reject
Accept 22 80
Reject 58 328
n: 488
p: 0.0018
r: -0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 30 152
Reject 96 253
n: 531
p: 0.0011
r: -0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 13 127
Reject 50 232
n: 422
p: 0.0038
r: -0.14
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 19 134
Reject 65 258
n: 476
p: 0.0022
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: neither Accept Reject
Accept 64 61
Reject 149 311
n: 585
p: 0.0007
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 99 70
Reject 180 178
n: 527
p: 0.0013
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: neither Accept Reject
Accept 19 80
Reject 58 310
n: 467
p: 0.0029
r: -0.14
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 144 49
Reject 365 55
n: 613
p: 0.0007
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 125 65
Reject 203 160
n: 553
p: 0.0013
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 185 36
Reject 294 115
n: 630
p: 0.0007
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 56 126
Reject 79 276
n: 537
p: 0.0017
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 31 115
Reject 32 244
n: 422
p: 0.0055
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 110 82
Reject 183 214
n: 589
p: 0.0011
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: neither Accept Reject
Accept 44 42
Reject 127 164
n: 377
p: 0.0091
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 15 144
Reject 39 270
n: 468
p: 0.0037
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 49 139
Reject 47 300
n: 535
p: 0.0019
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 56 70
Reject 115 138
n: 379
p: 0.0091
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 82 101
Reject 117 252
n: 552
p: 0.0018
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 43 136
Reject 125 234
n: 538
p: 0.0021
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 22 79
Reject 26 214
n: 341
p: 0.015
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: neither Accept Reject
Accept 10 117
Reject 7 460
n: 594
p: 0.0017
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 16 155
Reject 80 284
n: 535
p: 0.0031
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: neither Accept Reject
Accept 29 56
Reject 84 260
n: 429
p: 0.0082
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 46 103
Reject 118 194
n: 461
p: 0.0063
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: neither Accept Reject
Accept 16 71
Reject 44 292
n: 423
p: 0.0089
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 53 125
Reject 70 288
n: 536
p: 0.0032
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 128 97
Reject 305 152
n: 682
p: 0.0009
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 97 105
Reject 234 151
n: 587
p: 0.0022
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 55 164
Reject 142 274
n: 635
p: 0.0015
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: belief Accept Reject
Accept 43 167
Reject 132 311
n: 653
p: 0.0013
r: -0.12
Belief or credence: credence Accept Reject
Accept 10 157
Reject 44 284
n: 495
p: 0.0055

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.15
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 27 159
Reject 21 344
n: 551
p: 0.0004
r: -0.15
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 23 166
Reject 78 284
n: 551
p: 0.0006
r: 0.14
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 47 139
Reject 54 311
n: 551
p: 0.001
r: -0.14
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 10 179
Reject 38 324
n: 551
p: 0.0011
r: -0.13
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 63 175
Reject 168 300
n: 706
p: 0.0005
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: neither Yes No
Accept 5 107
Reject 2 437
n: 551
p: 0.0026
r: 0.13
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 21 208
Reject 22 423
n: 674
p: 0.0011
r: 0.12
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 15 176
Reject 15 327
n: 533
p: 0.0048
r: 0.11
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 18 171
Reject 14 348
n: 551
p: 0.0077
r: -0.11
Belief or credence: neither Yes No
Accept 5 107
Reject 54 385
n: 551
p: 0.0091
r: 0.11
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 27 162
Reject 32 330
n: 551
p: 0.0092
r: -0.11
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 15 171
Reject 59 306
n: 551
p: 0.0105
r: 0.11
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 12 177
Reject 9 353
n: 551
p: 0.0132
r: -0.1
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 5 226
Reject 28 447
n: 706
p: 0.0069
r: -0.1
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 17 221
Reject 54 414
n: 706
p: 0.0077
r: 0.09
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 11 178
Reject 8 354
n: 551
p: 0.0297
r: 0.09
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 58 164
Reject 82 370
n: 674
p: 0.0175
r: 0.09
Belief or credence: neither Yes No
Accept 87 27
Reject 288 129
n: 531
p: 0.0374
r: 0.09
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 29 157
Reject 40 325
n: 551
p: 0.0357
r: 0.09
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 25 140
Reject 33 335
n: 533
p: 0.0467
r: 0.09
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 17 221
Reject 16 452
n: 706
p: 0.0227
r: 0.08
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 40 149
Reject 62 300
n: 551
p: 0.0463
r: 0.08
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 9 177
Reject 9 356
n: 551
p: 0.0482
r: 0.08
Belief or credence: credence Yes No
Accept 28 210
Reject 43 425
n: 706
p: 0.0262
r: 0.08
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 32 199
Reject 39 436
n: 706
p: 0.0316
r: 0.08
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 23 208
Reject 30 445
n: 706
p: 0.0339
r: -0.08
Belief or credence: belief Yes No
Accept 7 215
Reject 36 416
n: 674
p: 0.0388
r: -0.08
Belief or credence: neither Yes No
Accept 23 118
Reject 117 415
n: 673
p: 0.0495