Login to
view or update your response to this question.
Survey Results
Belief or credence (which is more fundamental?): credence, belief, or neither?
774 respondents
Accept or lean towards:
belief
belief
30.62% (29.97%)
Reject or lean against:
belief
belief
0.00% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
credence
credence
31.27% (30.75%)
Reject or lean against:
credence
credence
0.13% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
neither
neither
19.51% (19.38%)
Reject or lean against:
neither
neither
0.13% (0.00%)
Accept a combination of views
0.65%
Accept an alternative view
1.03%
The question is too unclear to answer
3.49%
There is no fact of the matter
2.58%
Agnostic/undecided
11.89%
Other
0.26%
Most popular option combinations
Options | Number of responses | % of responses |
---|---|---|
| 4 | 0.52% |
| 1 | 0.13% |
Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey
Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)
r: 0.31
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 90 | 70 |
Reject | 84 | 239 |
n: 483
p < 0.0001
r: -0.29
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 34 | 129 |
Reject | 140 | 180 |
n: 483
p < 0.0001
r: 0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 84 | 68 |
Reject | 106 | 195 |
n: 453
p < 0.0001
r: -0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 40 | 106 |
Reject | 150 | 157 |
n: 453
p < 0.0001
r: 0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 75 | 80 |
Reject | 86 | 248 |
n: 489
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 36 | 78 |
Reject | 100 | 128 |
n: 342
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 100 |
Reject | 52 | 255 |
n: 453
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 125 |
Reject | 115 | 203 |
n: 489
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 21 | 131 |
Reject | 77 | 224 |
n: 453
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 55 | 134 |
Reject | 178 | 222 |
n: 589
p < 0.0001
r: -0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 82 | 97 |
Reject | 209 | 125 |
n: 513
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 53 | 61 |
Reject | 70 | 158 |
n: 342
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 110 | 107 |
Reject | 135 | 274 |
n: 626
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 104 | 114 |
Reject | 108 | 293 |
n: 619
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 115 | 73 |
Reject | 290 | 80 |
n: 558
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 109 | 54 |
Reject | 182 | 168 |
n: 513
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 130 | 63 |
Reject | 201 | 193 |
n: 587
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 17 | 81 |
Reject | 28 | 341 |
n: 467
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 191 | 18 |
Reject | 318 | 86 |
n: 613
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 28 | 119 |
Reject | 26 | 295 |
n: 468
p < 0.0001
r: -0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 17 | 156 |
Reject | 76 | 225 |
n: 474
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 133 | 72 |
Reject | 187 | 239 |
n: 631
p < 0.0001
r: -0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 114 |
Reject | 150 | 172 |
n: 482
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 110 | 93 |
Reject | 126 | 252 |
n: 581
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 59 | 59 |
Reject | 77 | 147 |
n: 342
p: 0.0005
r: -0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 98 | 113 |
Reject | 278 | 165 |
n: 654
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 97 | 105 |
Reject | 136 | 251 |
n: 589
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 33 | 194 |
Reject | 109 | 338 |
n: 674
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 57 | 122 |
Reject | 62 | 273 |
n: 514
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 47 | 154 |
Reject | 165 | 253 |
n: 619
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 82 | 81 |
Reject | 114 | 205 |
n: 482
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 60 | 137 |
Reject | 176 | 208 |
n: 581
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 109 | 75 |
Reject | 156 | 208 |
n: 548
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 32 | 86 |
Reject | 91 | 133 |
n: 342
p: 0.0009
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 39 | 123 |
Reject | 45 | 272 |
n: 479
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 40 | 82 |
Reject | 35 | 185 |
n: 342
p: 0.001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 36 | 84 |
Reject | 116 | 109 |
n: 345
p: 0.001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 156 | 32 |
Reject | 249 | 121 |
n: 558
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 99 | 119 |
Reject | 228 | 175 |
n: 621
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 86 | 141 |
Reject | 89 | 337 |
n: 653
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 25 | 139 |
Reject | 94 | 256 |
n: 514
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 72 | 114 |
Reject | 193 | 169 |
n: 548
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 90 | 93 |
Reject | 126 | 228 |
n: 537
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 123 |
Reject | 29 | 263 |
n: 439
p: 0.0004
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 90 | 111 |
Reject | 203 | 185 |
n: 589
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 121 | 81 |
Reject | 206 | 213 |
n: 621
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 19 | 140 |
Reject | 65 | 255 |
n: 479
p: 0.0003
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 39 | 142 |
Reject | 108 | 256 |
n: 545
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 62 | 148 |
Reject | 183 | 233 |
n: 626
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 158 |
Reject | 121 | 244 |
n: 569
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 84 | 132 |
Reject | 236 | 179 |
n: 631
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 65 | 139 |
Reject | 164 | 213 |
n: 581
p < 0.0001
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 107 |
Reject | 47 | 274 |
n: 474
p: 0.0005
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 57 | 158 |
Reject | 173 | 239 |
n: 627
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 54 | 124 |
Reject | 162 | 197 |
n: 537
p: 0.0002
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 125 | 67 |
Reject | 183 | 179 |
n: 554
p: 0.0002
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 59 | 157 |
Reject | 172 | 240 |
n: 628
p < 0.0001
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 66 | 161 |
Reject | 76 | 371 |
n: 674
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 29 | 141 |
Reject | 25 | 300 |
n: 495
p: 0.0006
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 143 | 81 |
Reject | 233 | 197 |
n: 654
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 82 | 130 |
Reject | 115 | 308 |
n: 635
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 64 | 109 |
Reject | 83 | 289 |
n: 545
p: 0.0005
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 33 | 196 |
Reject | 108 | 342 |
n: 679
p < 0.0001
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 55 | 122 |
Reject | 71 | 283 |
n: 531
p: 0.0008
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 18 | 186 |
Reject | 15 | 352 |
n: 571
p: 0.0006
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 146 | 59 |
Reject | 333 | 92 |
n: 630
p: 0.0003
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 86 | 143 |
Reject | 140 | 313 |
n: 682
p: 0.0002
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 67 | 91 |
Reject | 107 | 213 |
n: 478
p: 0.0019
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 43 | 132 |
Reject | 41 | 260 |
n: 476
p: 0.002
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 22 | 80 |
Reject | 58 | 328 |
n: 488
p: 0.0018
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 30 | 152 |
Reject | 96 | 253 |
n: 531
p: 0.0011
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 13 | 127 |
Reject | 50 | 232 |
n: 422
p: 0.0038
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 19 | 134 |
Reject | 65 | 258 |
n: 476
p: 0.0022
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 64 | 61 |
Reject | 149 | 311 |
n: 585
p: 0.0007
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 99 | 70 |
Reject | 180 | 178 |
n: 527
p: 0.0013
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 19 | 80 |
Reject | 58 | 310 |
n: 467
p: 0.0029
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 144 | 49 |
Reject | 365 | 55 |
n: 613
p: 0.0007
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 125 | 65 |
Reject | 203 | 160 |
n: 553
p: 0.0013
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 185 | 36 |
Reject | 294 | 115 |
n: 630
p: 0.0007
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 56 | 126 |
Reject | 79 | 276 |
n: 537
p: 0.0017
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 31 | 115 |
Reject | 32 | 244 |
n: 422
p: 0.0055
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 110 | 82 |
Reject | 183 | 214 |
n: 589
p: 0.0011
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 44 | 42 |
Reject | 127 | 164 |
n: 377
p: 0.0091
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 15 | 144 |
Reject | 39 | 270 |
n: 468
p: 0.0037
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 49 | 139 |
Reject | 47 | 300 |
n: 535
p: 0.0019
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 56 | 70 |
Reject | 115 | 138 |
n: 379
p: 0.0091
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 82 | 101 |
Reject | 117 | 252 |
n: 552
p: 0.0018
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 43 | 136 |
Reject | 125 | 234 |
n: 538
p: 0.0021
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 22 | 79 |
Reject | 26 | 214 |
n: 341
p: 0.015
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 10 | 117 |
Reject | 7 | 460 |
n: 594
p: 0.0017
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 16 | 155 |
Reject | 80 | 284 |
n: 535
p: 0.0031
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 29 | 56 |
Reject | 84 | 260 |
n: 429
p: 0.0082
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 103 |
Reject | 118 | 194 |
n: 461
p: 0.0063
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 16 | 71 |
Reject | 44 | 292 |
n: 423
p: 0.0089
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 53 | 125 |
Reject | 70 | 288 |
n: 536
p: 0.0032
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 128 | 97 |
Reject | 305 | 152 |
n: 682
p: 0.0009
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 97 | 105 |
Reject | 234 | 151 |
n: 587
p: 0.0022
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 55 | 164 |
Reject | 142 | 274 |
n: 635
p: 0.0015
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 43 | 167 |
Reject | 132 | 311 |
n: 653
p: 0.0013
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 10 | 157 |
Reject | 44 | 284 |
n: 495
p: 0.0055
Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 27 | 159 |
Reject | 21 | 344 |
n: 551
p: 0.0004
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 23 | 166 |
Reject | 78 | 284 |
n: 551
p: 0.0006
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 47 | 139 |
Reject | 54 | 311 |
n: 551
p: 0.001
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 10 | 179 |
Reject | 38 | 324 |
n: 551
p: 0.0011
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 63 | 175 |
Reject | 168 | 300 |
n: 706
p: 0.0005
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Yes | No |
Accept | 5 | 107 |
Reject | 2 | 437 |
n: 551
p: 0.0026
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 21 | 208 |
Reject | 22 | 423 |
n: 674
p: 0.0011
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 15 | 176 |
Reject | 15 | 327 |
n: 533
p: 0.0048
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 18 | 171 |
Reject | 14 | 348 |
n: 551
p: 0.0077
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Yes | No |
Accept | 5 | 107 |
Reject | 54 | 385 |
n: 551
p: 0.0091
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 27 | 162 |
Reject | 32 | 330 |
n: 551
p: 0.0092
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 15 | 171 |
Reject | 59 | 306 |
n: 551
p: 0.0105
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 12 | 177 |
Reject | 9 | 353 |
n: 551
p: 0.0132
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 5 | 226 |
Reject | 28 | 447 |
n: 706
p: 0.0069
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 17 | 221 |
Reject | 54 | 414 |
n: 706
p: 0.0077
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 11 | 178 |
Reject | 8 | 354 |
n: 551
p: 0.0297
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 58 | 164 |
Reject | 82 | 370 |
n: 674
p: 0.0175
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Yes | No |
Accept | 87 | 27 |
Reject | 288 | 129 |
n: 531
p: 0.0374
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 29 | 157 |
Reject | 40 | 325 |
n: 551
p: 0.0357
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 25 | 140 |
Reject | 33 | 335 |
n: 533
p: 0.0467
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 17 | 221 |
Reject | 16 | 452 |
n: 706
p: 0.0227
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 40 | 149 |
Reject | 62 | 300 |
n: 551
p: 0.0463
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 9 | 177 |
Reject | 9 | 356 |
n: 551
p: 0.0482
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: credence | Yes | No |
Accept | 28 | 210 |
Reject | 43 | 425 |
n: 706
p: 0.0262
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 32 | 199 |
Reject | 39 | 436 |
n: 706
p: 0.0316
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 23 | 208 |
Reject | 30 | 445 |
n: 706
p: 0.0339
r: -0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: belief | Yes | No |
Accept | 7 | 215 |
Reject | 36 | 416 |
n: 674
p: 0.0388
r: -0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Belief or credence: neither | Yes | No |
Accept | 23 | 118 |
Reject | 117 | 415 |
n: 673
p: 0.0495