Survey Results

Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1722 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
empiricism

43.90% (37.28%)

Reject or lean against:
empiricism

1.16% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
rationalism

33.51% (26.77%)

Reject or lean against:
rationalism

1.16% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

8.36%

Accept an alternative view

7.49%

The question is too unclear to answer

12.60%

There is no fact of the matter

1.57%

Agnostic/undecided

4.47%

Other

1.45%

N = 1722, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (63 respondents)

Alternative Views

184 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

PRAG (30): pragmatism (25) pragmatic (2) pragmatist (2) pragmaticism (1)
BOTH (29): both (27) both-ism (1) bothered (1)
KANT (25): kantian (9) kantianism (9) kant (7)
IDEA (19): idealism (17) idealist (1) ideas (1)
TRAN (13): transcendental (11) transcends (1) transcendentalism (1)
PHEN (11): phenomenological (6) phenomenology (5)
REAL (11): realism (9) realist (1) really (1)
ARIS (6): aristotelianism (3) aristotelian (3)
PLAC (6): place (6)
DEPE (5): depending (3) depends (2)
COMB (5): combination (5)
REAS (5): reason (3) reasoning (2)
BLEN (4): blend (4)
ROOT (4): rooted (4)
RADI (4): radical (4)
JAME (4): james (3) jamesian (1)
CONS (4): constructivism (3) constructivist (1)
DOMA (4): domain (2) domains (2)
COHE (4): coherentism (2) coherence (2)
NEIT (4): neither (4)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

Comparison type

AOS

Geographic filters do not apply to this section.

Option

2009

2020

Change

Swing

Option

Accept or lean towards: empiricism

35.02%

33.02%

2.00

-1.44

2009	35.02%
2020	33.02%
Change	2.00
Swing	-1.44

Accept or lean towards: rationalism

27.82%

28.7%

0.88

1.44

2009	27.82%
2020	28.7%
Change	0.88
Swing	1.44

Accept a combination of views

21.27%

7.72%

13.55

2009	21.27%
2020	7.72%
Change	13.55

Accept an alternative view

2.69%

4.48%

1.79

2009	2.69%
2020	4.48%
Change	1.79

The question is too unclear to answer

9.77%

14.51%

4.74

2009	9.77%
2020	14.51%
Change	4.74

There is no fact of the matter

0.21%

1.23%

1.02

2009	0.21%
2020	1.23%
Change	1.02

Insufficiently familiar with the issue

0.54%

2.78%

2.24

2009	0.54%
2020	2.78%
Change	2.24

Agnostic/undecided

1.93%

5.09%

3.16

2009	1.93%
2020	5.09%
Change	3.16

Skipped

0.54%

1.23%

0.69

2009	0.54%
2020	1.23%
Change	0.69

Other

0.21%

1.23%

1.02

2009	0.21%
2020	1.23%
Change	1.02

N (2020) = 648
N (2009) = 931

Weighted values

Option	2009	2020	Change
Empiricism	42.25	39.82	2.43
Rationalism	39.08	34.72	4.36

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.45	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	465	159
Reject	156	290

n: 1070

p < 0.0001

r: -0.43	Abstract objects: Platonism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	168	466
Reject	323	174

n: 1131

p < 0.0001

r: -0.38	Concepts: nativism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	76	291
Reject	119	115

n: 601

p < 0.0001

r: -0.36	Morality: non-naturalism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	353
Reject	157	172

n: 741

p < 0.0001

r: -0.36	A priori knowledge: yes
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	463	250
Reject	497	48

n: 1258

p < 0.0001

r: 0.36	Laws of nature: Humean
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	306	330
Reject	87	405

n: 1128

p < 0.0001

r: 0.35	Mind: physicalism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	502	198
Reject	208	304

n: 1212

p < 0.0001

r: 0.35	Practical reason: Humean
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	171	197
Reject	54	211

n: 633

p < 0.0001

r: -0.34	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	385	306
Reject	431	91

n: 1213

p < 0.0001

r: -0.33	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	84	188
Reject	130	89

n: 491

p < 0.0001

r: -0.33	Meaning of life: objective
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	171	443
Reject	251	216

n: 1081

p < 0.0001

r: 0.32	Philosophical methods: empirical philosophy
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	546	177
Reject	255	263

n: 1241

p < 0.0001

r: -0.32	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	421	239
Reject	452	67

n: 1179

p < 0.0001

r: 0.3	Propositions: nonexistent
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	78	231
Reject	25	233

n: 567

p < 0.0001

r: -0.3	Consciousness: dualism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	58	346
Reject	119	193

n: 716

p < 0.0001

r: -0.29	Practical reason: Kantian
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	46	317
Reject	91	176

n: 630

p < 0.0001

r: -0.28	Aesthetic value: objective
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	253	398
Reject	315	190

n: 1156

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	299
Reject	129	176

n: 673

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Hard problem of consciousness: yes
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	239	180
Reject	241	71

n: 731

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	282
Reject	74	186

n: 578

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	306	417
Reject	354	164

n: 1241

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	Causation: primitive
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	305
Reject	84	188

n: 637

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Meaning of life: subjective
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	319	298
Reject	130	337

n: 1084

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Metaontology: anti-realism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	219
Reject	17	200

n: 488

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Morality: expressivism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	351
Reject	16	312

n: 742

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	God: theism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	96	618
Reject	159	377

n: 1250

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Philosophical methods: experimental philosophy
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	305	418
Reject	140	378

n: 1241

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	396	297
Reject	415	119

n: 1227

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Well-being: objective list
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	198	185
Reject	210	85

n: 678

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Free will: libertarianism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	615
Reject	154	382

n: 1249

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Continuum hypothesis: determinate
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	120
Reject	75	84

n: 339

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Normative ethics: consequentialism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	300	358
Reject	127	383

n: 1168

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Abortion: permissible
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	421	47
Reject	278	81

n: 827

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Propositions: structured entities
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	110	200
Reject	136	122

n: 568

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Properties: nonexistent
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	238
Reject	19	250

n: 542

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	102	169
Reject	51	168

n: 490

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Properties: transcendent universals
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	238
Reject	89	181

n: 543

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Experience machine: yes
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	136	517
Reject	43	461

n: 1157

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Properties: tropes
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	214
Reject	31	239

n: 544

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Normative ethics: deontology
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	183	475
Reject	253	259

n: 1170

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Well-being: desire satisfaction
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	287
Reject	39	255

n: 679

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Morality: error theory
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	378
Reject	11	318

n: 740

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	253
Reject	53	245

n: 672

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Possible worlds: nonexistent
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	170	262
Reject	79	261

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Propositional attitudes: dispositional
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	128	192
Reject	53	196

n: 569

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Method in political philosophy: ideal theory
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	96	227
Reject	99	131

n: 553

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Interlevel metaphysics: grounding
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	67	202
Reject	98	129

n: 496

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Justification: reliabilism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	171	199
Reject	86	217

n: 673

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Personal identity: further-fact view
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	512
Reject	107	352

n: 1044

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Consciousness: functionalism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	184	223
Reject	87	225

n: 719

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Well-being: hedonism/experientialism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	77	306
Reject	28	266

n: 677

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Law: legal positivism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	131	134
Reject	61	128

n: 454

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Propositional attitudes: representational
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	137	183
Reject	157	93

n: 570

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Causation: counterfactual/difference-making
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	181	188
Reject	89	184

n: 642

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	141	457
Reject	161	296

n: 1055

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Immortality: yes
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	188	258
Reject	189	142

n: 777

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Foundations of mathematics: formalism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	197
Reject	3	177

n: 401

p: 0.0006

r: -0.17	Grounds of intentionality: primitive
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	265
Reject	44	165

n: 501

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Moral principles: moral generalism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	210	186
Reject	205	112

n: 713

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Wittgenstein: early
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	92	289
Reject	98	182

n: 661

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Hume: skeptic
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	123	260
Reject	119	136

n: 638

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	True contradictions: actual
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	57	296
Reject	31	289

n: 673

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Truth: deflationary
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	201	451
Reject	104	394

n: 1150

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Properties: classes
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	225
Reject	25	244

n: 543

p: 0.0002

r: -0.16	Possible worlds: abstract
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	227	205
Reject	220	120

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Belief or credence: credence
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	125	183
Reject	67	179

n: 554

p: 0.0002

r: -0.16	Truth: correspondence
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	351	301
Reject	319	180

n: 1151

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Morality: naturalist realism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	160	255
Reject	95	235

n: 745

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	True contradictions: impossible
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	250	103
Reject	260	60

n: 673

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Arguments for theism: pragmatic
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	272
Reject	34	253

n: 641

p: 0.0002

r: 0.15	Morality: constructivism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	111	304
Reject	54	276

n: 745

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Time: A-theory
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	312
Reject	121	219

n: 750

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	237	153
Reject	208	81

n: 679

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Free will: compatibilism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	486	229
Reject	297	239

n: 1251

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	171
Reject	61	146

n: 499

p: 0.0018

r: 0.14	Justification: coherentism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	118	251
Reject	60	243

n: 672

p: 0.0003

r: -0.14	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	135	234
Reject	136	186

n: 691

p: 0.0002

r: -0.14	Sleeping beauty: one-third
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	114
Reject	46	79

n: 288

p: 0.019

r: 0.14	Consciousness: identity theory
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	74	330
Reject	30	282

n: 716

p: 0.0002

r: 0.14	Personal identity: psychological view
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	343	246
Reject	212	252

n: 1053

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Cosmological fine-tuning: no fine-tuning
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	92	228
Reject	43	214

n: 577

p: 0.0011

r: 0.13	Material composition: nihilism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	151
Reject	17	176

n: 367

p: 0.0102

r: -0.13	Arguments for theism: cosmological
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	282
Reject	89	205

n: 649

p: 0.0007

r: 0.13	Footbridge: push
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	203	441
Reject	104	404

n: 1152

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Propositional attitudes: nonexistent
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	301
Reject	6	239

n: 561

p: 0.0019

r: 0.13	Knowledge claims: contextualism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	394	207
Reject	229	228

n: 1058

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosophical methods: conceptual analysis
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	532	191
Reject	416	102

n: 1241

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Meaning of life: nonexistent
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	146	464
Reject	75	385

n: 1070

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Zombies: metaphysically possible
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	157	447
Reject	162	319

n: 1085

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Extended mind: yes
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	232	152
Reject	139	159

n: 682

p: 0.0008

r: -0.13	Quantum mechanics: hidden-variables
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	46	178
Reject	51	120

n: 395

p: 0.0122

r: 0.13	Mind uploading: survival
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	148	244
Reject	78	228

n: 698

p: 0.0009

r: 0.12	Gender: social
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	473	165
Reject	301	177

n: 1116

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Belief or credence: belief
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	88	220
Reject	92	154

n: 554

p: 0.005

r: 0.12	Consciousness: eliminativism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	30	375
Reject	10	302

n: 717

p: 0.0015

r: -0.12	Rational disagreement: non-permissivism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	332
Reject	86	231

n: 718

p: 0.0018

r: 0.12	External world: skepticism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	662
Reject	21	520

n: 1257

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Zombies: inconceivable
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	124	479
Reject	66	415

n: 1084

p: 0.0002

r: -0.11	Arguments for theism: design
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	294
Reject	78	217

n: 649

p: 0.0035

r: 0.11	Knowledge claims: relativism
Knowledge: empiricism	Accept	Reject
Accept	41	559
Reject	11	445

n: 1056

p: 0.0003

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.31	Philosopher: Hume
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	162	393
Reject	26	376

n: 957

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Philosopher: Kant
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	47	508
Reject	83	319

n: 957

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Philosopher: Plato
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	15	540
Reject	41	361

n: 957

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Philosopher: Dewey
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	30	525
Reject	0	402

n: 957

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	AOS: General Philosophy of Science
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	119	620
Reject	37	512

n: 1288

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Philosopher: Descartes
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	11	544
Reject	30	372

n: 957

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	AOS: Metaphysics
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	115	624
Reject	151	398

n: 1288

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Philosopher: Moore
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	9	546
Reject	27	375

n: 957

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	AOS: Philosophy of Biology
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	53	686
Reject	6	543

n: 1288

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	108	631
Reject	32	517

n: 1288

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Region of PhD: United States
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	331	191
Reject	297	89

n: 908

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Quine
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	67	488
Reject	23	379

n: 957

p: 0.0002

r: 0.12	AOS: Philosophy of Physical Science
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	45	694
Reject	7	542

n: 1288

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	46	693
Reject	68	481

n: 1288

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Philosopher: Leibniz
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	10	545
Reject	26	376

n: 957

p: 0.0005

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Carnap
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	52	503
Reject	13	389

n: 957

p: 0.0013

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Popper
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	15	540
Reject	1	401

n: 957

p: 0.0016

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Frege
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	30	525
Reject	38	364

n: 957

p: 0.0027

r: -0.1	Region of nationality: United States
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	344	354
Reject	302	215

n: 1215

p: 0.0009

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Reid
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	9	546
Reject	20	382

n: 957

p: 0.0051

r: 0.09	AOS: Feminist Philosophy
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	51	688
Reject	15	534

n: 1288

p: 0.0013

r: 0.09	AOS: Philosophy of Social Science
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	39	700
Reject	9	540

n: 1288

p: 0.0014

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Sellars
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	10	545
Reject	1	401

n: 957

p: 0.01

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Nietzsche
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	20	535
Reject	6	396

n: 957

p: 0.0118

r: -0.08	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	80	659
Reject	80	469

n: 1288

p: 0.004

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Husserl
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	6	549
Reject	14	388

n: 957

p: 0.0132

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Mill
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	41	514
Reject	16	386

n: 957

p: 0.014

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Russell
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	28	527
Reject	39	363

n: 957

p: 0.0141

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Peirce
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	14	541
Reject	2	400

n: 957

p: 0.015

r: 0.08	Philosopher: James
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	27	528
Reject	9	393

n: 957

p: 0.0153

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Hegel
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	9	546
Reject	16	386

n: 957

p: 0.0156

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Augustine
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	8	547
Reject	12	390

n: 957

p: 0.0205

r: 0.07	AOS: Applied Ethics
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	118	621
Reject	60	489

n: 1288

p: 0.0081

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Beauvoir
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	14	541
Reject	1	401

n: 957

p: 0.0284

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Hobbes
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	11	544
Reject	3	399

n: 957

p: 0.0333

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Rorty
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	8	547
Reject	2	400

n: 957

p: 0.0371

r: -0.07	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	34	705
Reject	41	508

n: 1288

p: 0.0172

r: -0.07	Gender: male
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	564	166
Reject	458	94

n: 1282

p: 0.0182

r: 0.07	AOS: Philosophy of the Americas
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	7	732
Reject	3	546

n: 1288

p: 0.0185

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Anscombe
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	10	545
Reject	15	387

n: 957

p: 0.047

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	26	713
Reject	9	540

n: 1288

p: 0.0215

r: 0.06	Gender: female
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	163	567
Reject	93	459

n: 1282

p: 0.0229

r: -0.06	AOS: Epistemology
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	159	580
Reject	144	405

n: 1288

p: 0.0254

r: -0.06	Region of affiliation: United States
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	400	346
Reject	339	224

n: 1309

p: 0.0274

r: 0.06	AOS: Decision Theory
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	25	714
Reject	10	539

n: 1288

p: 0.0296

r: 0.06	Region of nationality: Latin America
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	17	681
Reject	5	512

n: 1215

p: 0.0432

r: 0.05	Region of affiliation: Latin America
Knowledge: empiricism	Yes	No
Accept	13	733
Reject	3	560

n: 1309

p: 0.049