Survey Results

Science: scientific anti-realism or scientific realism?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1689 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
scientific realism

72.35% (71.52%)

Reject or lean against:
scientific realism

0.24% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
scientific anti-realism

15.04% (14.27%)

Reject or lean against:
scientific anti-realism

0.36% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

1.36%

Accept an alternative view

3.55%

The question is too unclear to answer

3.49%

There is no fact of the matter

0.65%

Agnostic/undecided

4.74%

Other

0.41%

N = 1689, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (96 respondents)

Alternative Views

91 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

PRAG (14): pragmatism (9) pragmatic (3) pragmatist (2)
CONC (6): concepts (3) conception (2) conclusions (1)
CONS (5): constructivist (2) constructive (2) constructivism (1)
STRU (5): structural (5)
INST (5): instrumentalism (4) instrumentalist (1)
IDEA (4): idealism (4)
CONT (4): contextual (2) content (1) context (1)
WORL (4): world (4)
NATU (4): natural (2) naturalism (1) nature (1)
OBJE (4): objects (2) objective (1) objectively (1)
ENTI (4): entity (3) entirely (1)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

Comparison type

AOS

Geographic filters do not apply to this section.

Option

2009

2020

Change

Swing

Option

Accept or lean towards: scientific realism

75.08%

73.61%

1.47

-0.26

2009	75.08%
2020	73.61%
Change	1.47
Swing	-0.26

Accept or lean towards: scientific anti-realism

11.6%

10.65%

0.95

0.26

2009	11.6%
2020	10.65%
Change	0.95
Swing	0.26

Accept a combination of views

5.05%

1.08%

3.97

2009	5.05%
2020	1.08%
Change	3.97

Accept an alternative view

1.61%

1.23%

0.38

2009	1.61%
2020	1.23%
Change	0.38

The question is too unclear to answer

2.47%

3.09%

0.62

2009	2.47%
2020	3.09%
Change	0.62

There is no fact of the matter

0.62%

0.62

2009	0%
2020	0.62%
Change	0.62

Insufficiently familiar with the issue

2.04%

5.4%

3.36

2009	2.04%
2020	5.4%
Change	3.36

Agnostic/undecided

1.5%

3.86%

2.36

2009	1.5%
2020	3.86%
Change	2.36

Skipped

0.32%

0.31%

0.01

2009	0.32%
2020	0.31%
Change	0.01

Other

0.32%

0.15%

0.17

2009	0.32%
2020	0.15%
Change	0.17

N (2020) = 648
N (2009) = 931

Weighted values

Option	2009	2020	Change
Scientific realism	70.52	72.13	1.61
Scientific anti-realism	20.68	18.53	2.15

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: -0.5	Metaontology: anti-realism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	452
Reject	52	56

n: 583

p < 0.0001

r: 0.36	External world: non-skeptical realism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	1087	100
Reject	186	101

n: 1474

p < 0.0001

r: 0.32	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	247	231
Reject	19	89

n: 586

p < 0.0001

r: 0.31	True contradictions: impossible
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	535	112
Reject	73	69

n: 789

p < 0.0001

r: -0.31	External world: idealism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	51	1138
Reject	52	236

n: 1477

p < 0.0001

r: -0.3	External world: skepticism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	48	1141
Reject	38	249

n: 1476

p < 0.0001

r: -0.28	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	246	397
Reject	115	66

n: 824

p < 0.0001

r: -0.28	True contradictions: actual
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	587
Reject	34	108

n: 789

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Philosophical knowledge: none
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	734
Reject	18	167

n: 934

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Truth: correspondence
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	701	382
Reject	100	162

n: 1345

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	Justification: coherentism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	139	486
Reject	62	85

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	824	314
Reject	144	145

n: 1427

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Laws of nature: Humean
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	300	750
Reject	126	149

n: 1325

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	129	509
Reject	51	93

n: 782

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Morality: constructivism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	118	584
Reject	63	96

n: 861

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Values in science: necessarily value-free
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	148	495
Reject	14	167

n: 824

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Material composition: nihilism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	352
Reject	12	58

n: 450

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	436	180
Reject	89	75

n: 780

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	True contradictions: possible but non-actual
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	25	622
Reject	13	129

n: 789

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Truth: epistemic
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	96	983
Reject	47	215

n: 1341

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Spacetime: relationism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	196	240
Reject	57	39

n: 532

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	113	419
Reject	51	82

n: 665

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	313	653
Reject	35	232

n: 1233

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	855	241
Reject	165	111

n: 1372

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Continuum hypothesis: determinate
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	158	179
Reject	19	56

n: 412

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Logic: classical
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	601	275
Reject	101	118

n: 1095

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Propositional attitudes: representational
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	317	228
Reject	37	82

n: 664

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Concepts: nativism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	206	338
Reject	28	114

n: 686

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Morality: naturalist realism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	275	428
Reject	28	132

n: 863

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Theory of reference: deflationary
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	79	498
Reject	31	100

n: 708

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Propositions: structured entities
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	261	289
Reject	34	83

n: 667

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Truth: deflationary
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	256	826
Reject	94	166

n: 1342

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Propositions: nonexistent
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	77	471
Reject	33	84

n: 665

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Moral principles: moral generalism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	421	241
Reject	72	95

n: 829

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	661	480
Reject	121	181

n: 1443

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Extended mind: yes
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	331	324
Reject	106	51

n: 812

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Philosophical progress: none
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	1141
Reject	28	268

n: 1464

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Other minds: particles
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	740
Reject	9	180

n: 938

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Justification: infinitism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	11	604
Reject	6	141

n: 762

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Abstract objects: Platonism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	504	536
Reject	91	195

n: 1326

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Grounds of intentionality: interpretational
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	68	428
Reject	23	82

n: 601

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Causation: nonexistent
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	587
Reject	12	123

n: 744

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Theory of reference: causal
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	337	250
Reject	49	82

n: 718

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Properties: nonexistent
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	41	490
Reject	18	89

n: 638

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	208	416
Reject	19	128

n: 771

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Other minds: plants
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	713
Reject	20	169

n: 938

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Morality: expressivism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	632
Reject	28	132

n: 861

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Sleeping beauty: one-third
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	188
Reject	13	46

n: 346

p: 0.0058

r: -0.15	Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	53	340
Reject	27	66

n: 486

p: 0.0012

r: -0.15	Propositions: acts
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	507
Reject	17	100

n: 666

p: 0.0002

r: 0.15	Semantic content: moderate contextualism (intermediate)
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	320	212
Reject	61	72

n: 665

p: 0.0002

r: -0.14	Other minds: current AI systems
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	20	729
Reject	11	178

n: 938

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	207	290
Reject	24	80

n: 601

p: 0.0004

r: 0.14	Other minds: newborn babies
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	670	79
Reject	158	31

n: 938

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Units of selection: genes
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	237	192
Reject	46	67

n: 542

p: 0.0011

r: 0.14	Material composition: restrictivism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	173	207
Reject	16	54

n: 450

p: 0.0029

r: -0.14	Perceptual experience: sense-datum theory
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	799
Reject	13	180

n: 1041

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Immortality: yes
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	392	348
Reject	65	111

n: 916

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Meaning of life: objective
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	427	561
Reject	74	181

n: 1243

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	A priori knowledge: yes
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	933	222
Reject	212	96

n: 1463

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Values in science: can be either
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	229	416
Reject	46	135

n: 826

p: 0.0002

r: 0.13	Other minds: adult humans
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	745	4
Reject	183	6

n: 938

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Response to external-world skepticism: contextualist
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	561
Reject	21	120

n: 771

p: 0.0005

r: 0.12	Philosophical knowledge: a lot
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	482	269
Reject	90	95

n: 936

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Consciousness: eliminativism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	644
Reject	11	146

n: 834

p: 0.0005

r: -0.12	Properties: classes
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	469
Reject	16	92

n: 640

p: 0.0024

r: -0.12	Propositional attitudes: nonexistent
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	518
Reject	4	115

n: 651

p: 0.0027

r: -0.12	Consciousness: panpsychism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	50	627
Reject	19	138

n: 834

p: 0.0007

r: -0.12	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	242	414
Reject	66	92

n: 814

p: 0.001

r: -0.12	Propositional attitudes: phenomenal
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	494
Reject	11	109

n: 653

p: 0.0032

r: 0.12	Aesthetic value: objective
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	562	505
Reject	108	166

n: 1341

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Quantum mechanics: epistemic
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	330
Reject	12	69

n: 465

p: 0.0151

r: -0.11	Knowledge claims: contextualism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	539	430
Reject	186	81

n: 1236

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Propositional attitudes: dispositional
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	174	369
Reject	48	72

n: 663

p: 0.0042

r: 0.11	Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	553	567
Reject	116	172

n: 1408

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Temporal ontology: eternalism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	236	271
Reject	39	68

n: 614

p: 0.0071

r: 0.11	Method in political philosophy: ideal theory
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	186	301
Reject	41	99

n: 627

p: 0.0083

r: -0.11	Temporal ontology: presentism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	96	411
Reject	29	78

n: 614

p: 0.0091

r: 0.1	Arguments for theism: design
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	144	458
Reject	20	137

n: 759

p: 0.0038

r: -0.1	Aim of philosophy: wisdom
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	358	736
Reject	112	168

n: 1374

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	Aim of philosophy: happiness
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	133	927
Reject	58	222

n: 1340

p: 0.0002

r: -0.1	Knowledge claims: relativism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	935
Reject	35	232

n: 1235

p: 0.0003

r: -0.1	Arguments for theism: moral
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	64	534
Reject	19	136

n: 753

p: 0.0055

r: 0.1	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	782	352
Reject	183	117

n: 1434

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	Quantum mechanics: many-worlds
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	75	310
Reject	20	61

n: 466

p: 0.0313

r: -0.1	Meaning of life: subjective
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	385	606
Reject	122	132

n: 1245

p: 0.0004

r: -0.1	Knowledge: empiricism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	536	427
Reject	149	91

n: 1203

p: 0.0006

r: -0.1	Aesthetic experience: sui generis
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	169	250
Reject	65	63

n: 547

p: 0.0227

r: -0.1	Experience machine: yes
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	150	945
Reject	53	216

n: 1364

p: 0.0003

r: 0.09	Mind: physicalism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	688	431
Reject	141	150

n: 1410

p: 0.0004

r: 0.09	Philosophical methods: formal philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	724	417
Reject	152	150

n: 1443

p: 0.0005

r: -0.09	Normative ethics: virtue ethics
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	433	647
Reject	130	139

n: 1349

p: 0.0008

r: -0.09	Perceptual experience: disjunctivism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	154	698
Reject	32	162

n: 1046

p: 0.004

r: -0.09	Gender: social
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	702	324
Reject	218	68

n: 1312

p: 0.0015

r: 0.09	Aesthetic experience: perception
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	143	278
Reject	33	96

n: 550

p: 0.0407

r: 0.09	Wittgenstein: early
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	188	443
Reject	38	124

n: 793

p: 0.0143

r: 0.09	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	508	192
Reject	111	65

n: 876

p: 0.0103

r: -0.09	Morality: error theory
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	662
Reject	10	148

n: 858

p: 0.0115

r: 0.09	Perceptual experience: representationalism
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	420	437
Reject	68	126

n: 1051

p: 0.0055

r: 0.09	Race: biological
Science: scientific realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	240	800
Reject	45	238

n: 1323

p: 0.0019

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.23	Tradition: Analytic
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	1055	121
Reject	229	86

n: 1491

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	37	1152
Reject	36	284

n: 1509

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Tradition: Continental
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	44	1132
Reject	39	276

n: 1491

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Philosopher: Husserl
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	12	845
Reject	16	231

n: 1104

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Tradition: Other tradition
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	77	1099
Reject	47	268

n: 1491

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	AOS: Metaphysics
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	288	901
Reject	48	272

n: 1509

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Lewis
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	95	762
Reject	12	235

n: 1104

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Russell
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	74	783
Reject	4	243

n: 1104

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	AOS: Philosophy of Mind
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	271	918
Reject	42	278

n: 1509

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Philosopher: Marx
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	23	834
Reject	20	227

n: 1104

p: 0.0002

r: -0.1	AOS: Asian Philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	15	1174
Reject	15	305

n: 1509

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Foucault
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	8	849
Reject	11	236

n: 1104

p: 0.0012

r: -0.1	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	52	1137
Reject	25	295

n: 1509

p: 0.0002

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Heidegger
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	16	841
Reject	11	236

n: 1104

p: 0.0017

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Moore
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	34	823
Reject	1	246

n: 1104

p: 0.0024

r: 0.08	Gender: male
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	984	207
Reject	230	85

n: 1506

p: 0.0011

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Nietzsche
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	19	838
Reject	14	233

n: 1104

p: 0.0053

r: -0.08	Gender: female
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	204	987
Reject	83	232

n: 1506

p: 0.0012

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	130	1059
Reject	19	301

n: 1509

p: 0.0015

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Merleau-Ponty
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	12	845
Reject	9	238

n: 1104

p: 0.012

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Nāgārjuna
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	7	850
Reject	7	240

n: 1104

p: 0.0126

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Spinoza
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	17	840
Reject	10	237

n: 1104

p: 0.0129

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Sartre
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	7	850
Reject	5	242

n: 1104

p: 0.0132

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Reid
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	29	828
Reject	1	246

n: 1104

p: 0.0143

r: -0.07	AOS: 20th Century Philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	73	1116
Reject	33	287

n: 1509

p: 0.0043

r: -0.07	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	173	1016
Reject	63	257

n: 1509

p: 0.0069

r: -0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Biology
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	40	1149
Reject	19	301

n: 1509

p: 0.0079

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Locke
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	25	832
Reject	1	246

n: 1104

p: 0.0243

r: -0.07	Region of PhD: Europe
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	73	772
Reject	29	188

n: 1062

p: 0.0318

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Sidgwick
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	6	851
Reject	0	247

n: 1104

p: 0.0297

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	113	1076
Reject	18	302

n: 1509

p: 0.0136

r: -0.06	Region of nationality: Canada
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	77	1053
Reject	30	268

n: 1428

p: 0.0176

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Parfit
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	36	821
Reject	4	243

n: 1104

p: 0.0376

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Frege
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	75	782
Reject	18	229

n: 1104

p: 0.0395

r: -0.06	Region of affiliation: Canada
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	66	1145
Reject	33	290

n: 1534

p: 0.0152

r: -0.06	AOS: 17th/18th Century Philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	104	1085
Reject	41	279

n: 1509

p: 0.0203

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Carnap
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	48	809
Reject	24	223

n: 1104

p: 0.0477

r: 0.06	AOS: Epistemology
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	310	879
Reject	63	257

n: 1509

p: 0.0213

r: 0.06	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	171	1018
Reject	29	291

n: 1509

p: 0.0214

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Augustine
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	18	839
Reject	1	246

n: 1104

p: 0.0496

r: 0.06	AOS: Normative Ethics
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	257	932
Reject	46	274

n: 1509

p: 0.0311

r: -0.05	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	28	1161
Reject	14	306

n: 1509

p: 0.0338

r: 0.05	Region of affiliation: Oceania
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	68	1143
Reject	12	311

n: 1534

p: 0.0335

r: -0.05	AOS: Feminist Philosophy
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	42	1147
Reject	23	297

n: 1509

p: 0.0371

r: 0.05	Region of nationality: Oceania
Science: scientific realism	Yes	No
Accept	66	1064
Reject	11	287

n: 1428

p: 0.0468