Survey Results

Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1719 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
moral realism

62.07% (61.55%)

Reject or lean against:
moral realism

0.35% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
moral anti-realism

26.12% (25.77%)

Reject or lean against:
moral anti-realism

0.41% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

0.93%

Accept an alternative view

2.44%

The question is too unclear to answer

3.49%

There is no fact of the matter

0.87%

Agnostic/undecided

4.25%

Other

0.70%

N = 1719, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (66 respondents)

Alternative Views

72 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

CONS (18): constructivism (14) constructivist (1) constructive (1) constitution (1) constrained (1)
PRAG (8): pragmatism (4) pragmatic (3) pragmatist (1)
QUAS (7): quasi-realism (6) quasi-realist (1)
KANT (5): kantian (4) kantianism (1)
RELA (4): relativism (2) relationalism (1) relaxed (1)
UNIV (4): universalism (3) universe (1)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

Comparison type

AOS

Geographic filters do not apply to this section.

Option

2009

2020

Change

Swing

Option

Accept or lean towards: moral realism

56.39%

59.88%

3.49

2.71

2009	56.39%
2020	59.88%
Change	3.49
Swing	2.71

Accept or lean towards: moral anti-realism

27.71%

25.77%

1.94

-2.71

2009	27.71%
2020	25.77%
Change	1.94
Swing	-2.71

Accept a combination of views

3.65%

1.08%

2.57

2009	3.65%
2020	1.08%
Change	2.57

Accept an alternative view

2.69%

1.7%

0.99

2009	2.69%
2020	1.7%
Change	0.99

The question is too unclear to answer

2.9%

3.24%

0.34

2009	2.9%
2020	3.24%
Change	0.34

There is no fact of the matter

0.32%

0.77%

0.45

2009	0.32%
2020	0.77%
Change	0.45

Insufficiently familiar with the issue

2.47%

2.01%

0.46

2009	2.47%
2020	2.01%
Change	0.46

Agnostic/undecided

2.58%

4.01%

1.43

2009	2.58%
2020	4.01%
Change	1.43

Skipped

1.07%

0.77%

0.30

2009	1.07%
2020	0.77%
Change	0.30

Other

0.21%

0.77%

0.56

2009	0.21%
2020	0.77%
Change	0.56

N (2020) = 648
N (2009) = 931

Weighted values

Option	2009	2020	Change
Moral realism	61.38	56.71	4.67
Moral anti-realism	31.52	32.87	1.35

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.6	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	889	101
Reject	169	280

n: 1439

p < 0.0001

r: 0.49	Aesthetic value: objective
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	594	343
Reject	106	339

n: 1382

p < 0.0001

r: 0.48	Meaning of life: objective
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	466	382
Reject	57	367

n: 1272

p < 0.0001

r: -0.47	Morality: expressivism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	621
Reject	83	183

n: 903

p < 0.0001

r: -0.4	Practical reason: Humean
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	114	394
Reject	135	100

n: 743

p < 0.0001

r: 0.39	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	236	183
Reject	34	145

n: 598

p < 0.0001

r: -0.38	Morality: error theory
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	629
Reject	41	222

n: 901

p < 0.0001

r: 0.37	Abstract objects: Platonism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	494	387
Reject	98	345

n: 1324

p < 0.0001

r: 0.36	Morality: non-naturalism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	253	386
Reject	14	248

n: 901

p < 0.0001

r: 0.35	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	132	362
Reject	6	204

n: 704

p < 0.0001

r: -0.34	Knowledge: empiricism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	385	431
Reject	306	91

n: 1213

p < 0.0001

r: -0.34	Laws of nature: Humean
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	212	692
Reject	216	220

n: 1340

p < 0.0001

r: -0.33	Metaontology: anti-realism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	388
Reject	51	127

n: 595

p < 0.0001

r: -0.33	Morality: constructivism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	91	548
Reject	101	164

n: 904

p < 0.0001

r: 0.32	Well-being: objective list
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	397	176
Reject	94	145

n: 812

p < 0.0001

r: -0.32	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	399	427
Reject	312	106

n: 1244

p < 0.0001

r: 0.3	Consciousness: dualism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	193	389
Reject	22	237

n: 841

p < 0.0001

r: 0.3	God: theism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	279	729
Reject	38	456

n: 1502

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Truth: deflationary
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	178	744
Reject	178	258

n: 1358

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Mind: physicalism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	486	478
Reject	341	130

n: 1435

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Chinese room: understands
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	87	518
Reject	79	188

n: 872

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	Free will: libertarianism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	274	741
Reject	36	444

n: 1495

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	Truth: correspondence
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	607	317
Reject	192	244

n: 1360

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	601	377
Reject	197	299

n: 1474

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Meaning of life: subjective
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	280	569
Reject	236	190

n: 1275

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	248	260
Reject	68	168

n: 744

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	A priori knowledge: yes
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	839	173
Reject	327	158

n: 1497

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Morality: naturalist realism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	284	358
Reject	29	235

n: 906

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Science: scientific realism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	824	144
Reject	314	145

n: 1427

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Abortion: permissible
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	548	139
Reject	280	26

n: 993

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Meaning of life: nonexistent
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	122	714
Reject	127	295

n: 1258

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Well-being: desire satisfaction
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	97	476
Reject	74	165

n: 812

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Experience machine: yes
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	97	867
Reject	96	349

n: 1409

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	192	361
Reject	38	193

n: 784

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Continuum hypothesis: determinate
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	130	158
Reject	35	88

n: 411

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Law: legal positivism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	137	244
Reject	89	78

n: 548

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Normative ethics: consequentialism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	306	651
Reject	193	242

n: 1392

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	External world: skepticism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	977
Reject	47	431

n: 1494

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Hard problem of consciousness: yes
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	433	180
Reject	161	125

n: 899

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Method in political philosophy: ideal theory
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	189	272
Reject	49	148

n: 658

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Propositions: structured entities
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	227	240
Reject	63	140

n: 670

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Units of selection: genes
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	160	208
Reject	117	68

n: 553

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Causation: primitive
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	149	371
Reject	31	211

n: 762

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	285	555
Reject	72	340

n: 1252

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Interlevel metaphysics: grounding
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	166	263
Reject	41	128

n: 598

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Time: A-theory
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	226	390
Reject	62	229

n: 907

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	External world: non-skeptical realism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	909	106
Reject	383	96

n: 1494

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Immortality: yes
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	358	298
Reject	110	180

n: 946

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Free will: no free will
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	86	929
Reject	94	388

n: 1497

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Well-being: hedonism/experientialism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	72	498
Reject	43	196

n: 809

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	111	307
Reject	64	114

n: 596

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Arguments for theism: cosmological
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	159	392
Reject	42	196

n: 789

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Properties: transcendent universals
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	128	326
Reject	19	162

n: 635

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Propositions: nonexistent
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	405
Reject	56	147

n: 668

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Properties: nonexistent
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	30	422
Reject	27	153

n: 632

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Properties: classes
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	411
Reject	35	145

n: 634

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Personal identity: further-fact view
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	188	660
Reject	44	348

n: 1240

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	706	280
Reject	277	199

n: 1462

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	240	345
Reject	69	170

n: 824

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Justification: coherentism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	120	431
Reject	83	151

n: 785

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Concepts: nativism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	174	282
Reject	57	171

n: 684

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Possible worlds: nonexistent
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	168	452
Reject	117	184

n: 921

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Footbridge: push
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	216	734
Reject	137	298

n: 1385

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Consciousness: functionalism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	194	389
Reject	123	138

n: 844

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Knowledge claims: relativism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	819
Reject	48	365

n: 1254

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Possible worlds: abstract
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	398	221
Reject	151	151

n: 921

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Mind uploading: survival
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	161	425
Reject	99	162

n: 847

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Material composition: nihilism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	319
Reject	19	96

n: 458

p: 0.0016

r: -0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: no fine-tuning
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	393
Reject	60	148

n: 700

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	True contradictions: impossible
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	459	117
Reject	162	71

n: 809

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Material composition: restrictivism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	153	190
Reject	39	76

n: 458

p: 0.002

r: -0.14	Philosophical knowledge: none
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	645
Reject	18	264

n: 941

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	110	435
Reject	82	172

n: 799

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Theory of reference: deflationary
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	58	433
Reject	51	167

n: 709

p: 0.0003

r: -0.14	Cosmological fine-tuning: brute fact
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	153	340
Reject	85	124

n: 702

p: 0.0003

r: -0.13	Grounds of intentionality: interpretational
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	50	369
Reject	41	147

n: 607

p: 0.0009

r: -0.13	Personal identity: psychological view
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	421	436
Reject	226	167

n: 1250

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Other minds: future AI systems
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	256	417
Reject	142	156

n: 971

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Causation: counterfactual/difference-making
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	200	328
Reject	115	128

n: 771

p: 0.0003

r: -0.13	Moral motivation: internalism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	351	469
Reject	185	186

n: 1191

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Foundations of mathematics: logicism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	51	263
Reject	14	149

n: 477

p: 0.0048

r: -0.13	External world: idealism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	61	956
Reject	37	442

n: 1496

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	True contradictions: actual
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	514
Reject	38	195

n: 809

p: 0.0003

r: 0.13	Aim of philosophy: wisdom
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	367	582
Reject	130	327

n: 1406

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	True contradictions: possible but non-actual
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	553
Reject	16	217

n: 809

p: 0.0004

r: 0.12	Vagueness: metaphysical
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	207	613
Reject	64	332

n: 1216

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Normative ethics: deontology
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	408	551
Reject	108	327

n: 1394

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Quantum mechanics: many-worlds
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	61	265
Reject	38	109

n: 473

p: 0.0078

r: 0.12	Logic: classical
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	510	237
Reject	186	152

n: 1085

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Practical reason: Kantian
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	386
Reject	28	207

n: 742

p: 0.0011

r: -0.12	Belief or credence: credence
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	146	325
Reject	81	121

n: 673

p: 0.002

r: 0.12	Propositions: simple entities
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	50	417
Reject	4	199

n: 670

p: 0.0022

r: 0.12	Arguments for theism: moral
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	74	472
Reject	15	222

n: 783

p: 0.001

r: 0.11	Grounds of intentionality: primitive
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	77	342
Reject	16	171

n: 606

p: 0.0047

r: -0.11	Spacetime: relationism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	164	202
Reject	91	78

n: 535

p: 0.0086

r: -0.11	Free will: compatibilism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	622	394
Reject	327	155

n: 1498

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Consciousness: eliminativism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	17	566
Reject	25	233

n: 841

p: 0.0011

r: 0.11	Hume: skeptic
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	201	300
Reject	87	158

n: 746

p: 0.0024

r: -0.11	Philosophical methods: experimental philosophy
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	320	658
Reject	187	309

n: 1474

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Rational disagreement: non-permissivism
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	144	474
Reject	36	217

n: 871

p: 0.0011

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: -0.24	Philosopher: Hume
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	94	653
Reject	109	269

n: 1125

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Philosopher: Aquinas
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	52	695
Reject	2	376

n: 1125

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	113	923
Reject	21	490

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Philosopher: Plato
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	61	686
Reject	6	372

n: 1125

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Region of PhD: Europe
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	45	692
Reject	54	314

n: 1105

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Philosopher: Aristotle
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	172	575
Reject	47	331

n: 1125

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosopher: Carnap
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	32	715
Reject	41	337

n: 1125

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosopher: Quine
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	49	698
Reject	49	329

n: 1125

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Region of nationality: United States
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	560	423
Reject	214	263

n: 1460

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Region of PhD: United States
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	535	202
Reject	221	147

n: 1105

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Reid
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	30	717
Reject	2	376

n: 1125

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	AOS: General Philosophy of Science
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	88	948
Reject	83	428

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Region of affiliation: United States
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	642	419
Reject	253	260

n: 1574

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	AOS: Metaphysics
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	256	780
Reject	83	428

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Region of nationality: Europe
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	157	826
Reject	123	354

n: 1460

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	AOS: Philosophy of Physical Science
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	22	1014
Reject	33	478

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	AOS: Normative Ethics
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	249	787
Reject	79	432

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Philosopher: Moore
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	35	712
Reject	2	376

n: 1125

p: 0.0002

r: -0.11	AOS: Philosophy of Biology
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	25	1011
Reject	35	476

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	AOS: Philosophy of Social Science
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	23	1013
Reject	28	483

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Nietzsche
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	13	734
Reject	20	358

n: 1125

p: 0.0008

r: 0.1	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	72	964
Reject	16	495

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	Region of affiliation: Europe
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	135	926
Reject	99	414

n: 1574

p < 0.0001

r: -0.09	AOS: Decision Theory
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	18	1018
Reject	26	485

n: 1547

p: 0.0002

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Kierkegaard
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	17	730
Reject	2	376

n: 1125

p: 0.0019

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Augustine
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	20	727
Reject	2	376

n: 1125

p: 0.0023

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Locke
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	26	721
Reject	4	374

n: 1125

p: 0.0029

r: -0.08	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	37	999
Reject	39	472

n: 1547

p: 0.0014

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Parfit
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	38	709
Reject	7	371

n: 1125

p: 0.0069

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Anscombe
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	28	719
Reject	7	371

n: 1125

p: 0.0086

r: -0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	92	944
Reject	64	447

n: 1547

p: 0.0022

r: 0.07	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	37	999
Reject	9	502

n: 1547

p: 0.0033

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Spinoza
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	11	736
Reject	14	364

n: 1125

p: 0.0147

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Leibniz
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	30	717
Reject	7	371

n: 1125

p: 0.0213

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Berkeley
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	8	739
Reject	1	377

n: 1125

p: 0.0367

r: -0.06	Region of PhD: Canada
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	26	711
Reject	18	350

n: 1105

p: 0.0414

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	61	686
Reject	40	338

n: 1125

p: 0.0397

r: 0.06	AOS: Epistemology
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	259	777
Reject	107	404

n: 1547

p: 0.0166

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Peirce
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	9	738
Reject	10	368

n: 1125

p: 0.0414

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Davidson
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	20	727
Reject	20	358

n: 1125

p: 0.0454

r: 0.06	Other demographics: YOB
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	479	481
Reject	217	267

n: 1444

p: 0.0237

r: 0.06	AOS: Applied Ethics
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	155	881
Reject	55	456

n: 1547

p: 0.0196

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Action
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	75	961
Reject	24	487

n: 1547

p: 0.025

r: -0.06	Region of nationality: Latin America
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	9	974
Reject	13	464

n: 1460

p: 0.0306

r: -0.05	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	41	995
Reject	29	482

n: 1547

p: 0.039

r: -0.05	Region of affiliation: Latin America
Meta-ethics: moral realism	Yes	No
Accept	6	1055
Reject	9	504

n: 1574

p: 0.0451