Survey Results

Normative ethics: consequentialism, virtue ethics, or deontology?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1741 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
deontology

32.05% (19.70%)

Reject or lean against:
deontology

2.07% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
consequentialism

30.56% (21.42%)

Reject or lean against:
consequentialism

5.11% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
virtue ethics

36.99% (25.04%)

Reject or lean against:
virtue ethics

1.95% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

15.68%

Accept an alternative view

6.49%

The question is too unclear to answer

1.90%

There is no fact of the matter

2.70%

Agnostic/undecided

5.92%

Other

1.15%

N = 1741, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (44 respondents)

Most popular option combinations

Options	Number of responses	% of responses
Accept or lean towards: deontology Accept or lean towards: consequentialism Accept or lean towards: virtue ethics	85	4.88%
Accept or lean towards: deontology Accept or lean towards: virtue ethics	81	4.65%
Accept or lean towards: deontology Accept or lean towards: consequentialism	35	2.01%
Accept or lean towards: consequentialism Accept or lean towards: virtue ethics	29	1.67%
Accept or lean towards: deontology	7	0.40%

Alternative Views

180 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

PLUR (30): pluralism (28) pluralist (2)
PART (20): particularism (20)
CONT (13): contractualism (6) context (3) contractarianism (2) contextualism (1) contractarian (1)
CARE (12): care (12)
NATU (9): natural (8) naturalism (1)
PRAG (7): pragmatic (4) pragmatist (2) pragmatism (1)
FEMI (7): feminist (7)
ROSS (7): rossian (7)
VALU (6): value (4) value-based (1) values (1)
INTU (5): intuitionism (5)
NONE (5): none (5)
KANT (4): kantianism (2) kant (1) kantian (1)
HYBR (4): hybrid (4)
RELA (4): relational (3) relativism (1)
ANTI (4): anti-theory (2) anti (1) antirealism (1)
ACTI (4): action (3) actions (1)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

Comparison type

AOS

Geographic filters do not apply to this section.

Option

2009

2020

Change

Swing

Option

Accept or lean towards: deontology

25.89%

22.53%

3.36

-1.48

2009	25.89%
2020	22.53%
Change	3.36
Swing	-1.48

Accept or lean towards: consequentialism

23.63%

21.3%

2.33

-0.46

2009	23.63%
2020	21.3%
Change	2.33
Swing	-0.46

Accept or lean towards: virtue ethics

18.15%

18.21%

0.06

1.93

2009	18.15%
2020	18.21%
Change	0.06
Swing	1.93

Accept a combination of views

15.9%

16.82%

0.92

2009	15.9%
2020	16.82%
Change	0.92

Accept an alternative view

3.54%

5.56%

2.02

2009	3.54%
2020	5.56%
Change	2.02

The question is too unclear to answer

1.83%

1.7%

0.13

2009	1.83%
2020	1.7%
Change	0.13

There is no fact of the matter

1.07%

3.55%

2.48

2009	1.07%
2020	3.55%
Change	2.48

Insufficiently familiar with the issue

3.33%

1.54%

1.79

2009	3.33%
2020	1.54%
Change	1.79

Agnostic/undecided

5.16%

7.25%

2.09

2009	5.16%
2020	7.25%
Change	2.09

Skipped

0.64%

1.08%

0.44

2009	0.64%
2020	1.08%
Change	0.44

Other

0.86%

0.46%

0.40

2009	0.86%
2020	0.46%
Change	0.40

N (2020) = 648
N (2009) = 931

Weighted values

Option	2009	2020	Change
Deontology	30.29	32.01	1.72
Consequentialism	28.51	30.77	2.26
Virtue ethics	25.81	25.99	0.18

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.5	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	225	91
Reject	84	316

n: 716

p < 0.0001

r: 0.5	Practical reason: Kantian
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	146
Reject	32	410

n: 709

p < 0.0001

r: 0.49	Practical reason: Humean
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	151	114
Reject	78	369

n: 712

p < 0.0001

r: 0.42	Footbridge: push
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	230	252
Reject	115	730

n: 1327

p < 0.0001

r: -0.4	Moral principles: moral generalism
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	132	187
Reject	356	137

n: 812

p < 0.0001

r: 0.31	Aim of philosophy: wisdom
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	303	285
Reject	174	587

n: 1349

p < 0.0001

r: -0.3	Footbridge: push
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	55	444
Reject	286	542

n: 1327

p < 0.0001

r: 0.29	Mind: physicalism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	366	123
Reject	410	449

n: 1348

p < 0.0001

r: -0.29	Well-being: objective list
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	126	158
Reject	332	144

n: 760

p < 0.0001

r: -0.28	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	19	232
Reject	105	300

n: 656

p < 0.0001

r: 0.28	Trolley problem: switch
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	437	54
Reject	536	263

n: 1290

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	God: theism
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	200	394
Reject	104	724

n: 1422

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	76	188
Reject	230	218

n: 712

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Practical reason: Kantian
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	271
Reject	110	290

n: 713

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Meaning of life: objective
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	117	303
Reject	381	405

n: 1206

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	God: theism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	56	442
Reject	243	679

n: 1420

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	311	126
Reject	351	383

n: 1171

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Well-being: hedonism/experientialism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	224
Reject	38	436

n: 758

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Normative concepts: ought
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	74	200
Reject	37	359

n: 670

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Practical reason: Humean
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	65	250
Reject	164	237

n: 716

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Political philosophy: communitarianism
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	228	285
Reject	142	510

n: 1165

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	Law: legal positivism
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	145
Reject	147	161

n: 512

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	268	62
Reject	323	197

n: 850

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	204	146
Reject	384	117

n: 851

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Experience machine: yes
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	104	364
Reject	86	784

n: 1338

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Morality: naturalist realism
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	84	243
Reject	216	302

n: 845

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Free will: libertarianism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	454
Reject	234	681

n: 1421

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Knowledge: empiricism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	300	127
Reject	358	383

n: 1168

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Law: legal positivism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	90
Reject	108	214

n: 511

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Aesthetic value: objective
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	187	290
Reject	485	348

n: 1310

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Other minds: future AI systems
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	181	161
Reject	191	374

n: 907

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Laws of nature: Humean
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	185	254
Reject	227	601

n: 1267

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Abortion: permissible
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	283	96
Reject	498	58

n: 935

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Abortion: permissible
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	325	23
Reject	459	128

n: 935

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Morality: non-naturalism
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	143	183
Reject	100	416

n: 842

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Consciousness: dualism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	264
Reject	155	317

n: 785

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Causation: primitive
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	233
Reject	121	306

n: 700

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	306	193
Reject	651	242

n: 1392

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Material composition: restrictivism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	89
Reject	134	147

n: 412

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Aim of philosophy: happiness
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	130	445
Reject	61	684

n: 1320

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Knowledge: empiricism
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	183	253
Reject	475	259

n: 1170

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Belief or credence: credence
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	110	135
Reject	107	274

n: 626

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Units of selection: genes
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	125	83
Reject	123	183

n: 514

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Units of selection: genes
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	85	130
Reject	162	136

n: 513

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Consciousness: dualism
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	108	187
Reject	97	395

n: 787

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Mind uploading: survival
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	115	173
Reject	132	375

n: 795

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Well-being: objective list
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	213	73
Reject	246	228

n: 760

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Free will: no free will
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	95	410
Reject	70	846

n: 1421

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	80	187
Reject	46	345

n: 658

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Consciousness: functionalism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	146	168
Reject	141	332

n: 787

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Normative concepts: value
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	135	106
Reject	163	267

n: 671

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Causation: counterfactual/difference-making
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	145	131
Reject	148	285

n: 709

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Propositional attitudes: representational
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	96	154
Reject	230	157

n: 637

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Well-being: desire satisfaction
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	204
Reject	71	404

n: 761

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Chinese room: understands
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	213
Reject	79	445

n: 818

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Well-being: objective list
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	217	94
Reject	242	208

n: 761

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Mind: physicalism
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	263	295
Reject	509	282

n: 1349

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Footbridge: push
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	84	445
Reject	259	539

n: 1327

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Meaning of life: objective
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	285	246
Reject	215	462

n: 1208

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Meaning of life: subjective
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	215	208
Reject	276	509

n: 1208

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Normative concepts: reasons
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	105	169
Reject	92	307

n: 673

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Practical reason: Humean
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	48	218
Reject	181	265

n: 712

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Philosophical methods: empirical philosophy
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	371	136
Reject	520	381

n: 1408

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Aim of philosophy: goodness/justice
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	204	380
Reject	142	617

n: 1343

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Mind uploading: survival
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	83	248
Reject	164	301

n: 796

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Morality: non-naturalism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	61	252
Reject	182	345

n: 840

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Wittgenstein: early
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	259
Reject	140	300

n: 759

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Normative concepts: value
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	97	178
Reject	201	198

n: 674

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Temporal ontology: eternalism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	108	98
Reject	146	209

n: 561

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	89	193
Reject	211	276

n: 769

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Time: A-theory
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	72	229
Reject	192	353

n: 846

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	True contradictions: actual
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	246
Reject	47	402

n: 749

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Belief or credence: belief
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	183
Reject	148	233

n: 626

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Free will: libertarianism
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	170	423
Reject	120	709

n: 1422

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	160	166
Reject	143	302

n: 771

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Propositional attitudes: dispositional
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	110	140
Reject	109	279

n: 638

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	191	224
Reject	471	286

n: 1172

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Properties: transcendent universals
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	70	154
Reject	69	311

n: 604

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Political philosophy: egalitarianism
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	213	298
Reject	376	280

n: 1167

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Truth: epistemic
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	91	445
Reject	62	689

n: 1287

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Teletransporter: survival
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	207	198
Reject	286	476

n: 1167

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Belief or credence: credence
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	57	173
Reject	158	239

n: 627

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Personal identity: psychological view
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	263	149
Reject	360	408

n: 1180

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Belief or credence: credence
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	172
Reject	157	240

n: 628

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	93	174
Reject	210	235

n: 712

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Propositions: acts
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	205
Reject	20	361

n: 621

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Other minds: particles
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	365
Reject	3	524

n: 906

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Temporal ontology: presentism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	178
Reject	86	270

n: 561

p: 0.0003

r: 0.15	Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	278	208
Reject	375	515

n: 1376

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Philosophical methods: experimental philosophy
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	220	287
Reject	273	628

n: 1408

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Method in political philosophy: ideal theory
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	138
Reject	114	257

n: 630

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Trolley problem: switch
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	343	155
Reject	626	166

n: 1290

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Causation: process/production
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	85	181
Reject	92	350

n: 708

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: no fine-tuning
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	72	177
Reject	80	323

n: 652

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Abstract objects: Platonism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	161	284
Reject	399	406

n: 1250

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Time travel: metaphysically possible
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	148	125
Reject	208	287

n: 768

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Chinese room: understands
Normative ethics: deontology	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	274
Reject	124	387

n: 821

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	True contradictions: impossible
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	208	92
Reject	359	90

n: 749

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Material composition: universalism
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	77
Reject	83	198

n: 412

p: 0.003

r: 0.15	Material composition: restrictivism
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Accept	Reject
Accept	78	82
Reject	98	156

n: 414

p: 0.0031

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.31	Philosopher: Kant
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	121	285
Reject	47	642

n: 1095

p < 0.0001

r: 0.28	Philosopher: Aristotle
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	151	344
Reject	60	547

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Philosopher: Hume
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	117	256
Reject	73	650

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Philosopher: Rawls
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	49	357
Reject	13	676

n: 1095

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Philosopher: Aristotle
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	38	335
Reject	173	550

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Philosopher: Aquinas
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	44	451
Reject	7	600

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Philosopher: Mill
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	39	334
Reject	21	702

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	139	403
Reject	111	819

n: 1472

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Tradition: Analytic
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	482	138
Reject	759	81

n: 1460

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Philosopher: Mill
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	10	485
Reject	50	557

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Philosopher: Lewis
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	25	470
Reject	82	525

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	66	559
Reject	25	825

n: 1475

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Philosopher: Aristotle
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	58	348
Reject	152	537

n: 1095

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	36	589
Reject	10	840

n: 1475

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Philosopher: Hobbes
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	13	360
Reject	1	722

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	AOS: General Philosophy of Science
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	92	429
Reject	75	876

n: 1472

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosopher: Kant
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	34	339
Reject	132	591

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Kierkegaard
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	17	478
Reject	2	605

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Carnap
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	40	333
Reject	32	691

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Anscombe
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	31	464
Reject	6	601

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Region of nationality: United States
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	223	278
Reject	499	398

n: 1398

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Sidgwick
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	7	366
Reject	0	723

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Popper
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	14	359
Reject	1	722

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Region of affiliation: United States
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	259	266
Reject	588	386

n: 1499

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosopher: Kant
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	59	436
Reject	109	498

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosopher: Rawls
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	16	479
Reject	46	561

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	AOS: Philosophy of Law
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	30	512
Reject	13	917

n: 1472

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	78	443
Reject	69	882

n: 1472

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Philosopher: Hume
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	48	358
Reject	142	547

n: 1095

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Tradition: Other tradition
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	81	539
Reject	45	795

n: 1460

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	27	494
Reject	99	852

n: 1472

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Heidegger
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	22	473
Reject	7	600

n: 1102

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Region of PhD: Oceania
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	29	352
Reject	19	646

n: 1046

p: 0.0002

r: 0.12	AOS: Decision Theory
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	29	492
Reject	14	937

n: 1472

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Lewis
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	53	320
Reject	54	669

n: 1096

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	21	521
Reject	70	860

n: 1472

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Region of PhD: United States
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	238	143
Reject	473	192

n: 1046

p: 0.0005

r: -0.11	Philosopher: Moore
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	6	489
Reject	28	579

n: 1102

p: 0.0004

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Parfit
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	8	487
Reject	32	575

n: 1102

p: 0.0005

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Hume
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	64	431
Reject	126	481

n: 1102

p: 0.0005

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Parfit
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	25	348
Reject	16	707

n: 1096

p: 0.0005

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Augustine
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	16	479
Reject	5	602

n: 1102

p: 0.0007

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	62	433
Reject	37	570

n: 1102

p: 0.0007

r: 0.1	Tradition: Continental
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	57	563
Reject	36	804

n: 1460

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	19	502
Reject	72	879

n: 1472

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Russell
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	15	480
Reject	54	553

n: 1102

p: 0.001

r: 0.1	Region of affiliation: Europe
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	110	415
Reject	133	841

n: 1499

p: 0.0002

r: 0.09	Region of nationality: Oceania
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	39	462
Reject	35	862

n: 1398

p: 0.0004

r: 0.09	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	76	549
Reject	52	798

n: 1475

p: 0.0003

r: -0.09	AOS: Epistemology
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	119	506
Reject	228	622

n: 1475

p: 0.0004

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Rawls
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	13	360
Reject	48	675

n: 1096

p: 0.0022

r: 0.09	Gender: female
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	159	465
Reject	147	703

n: 1474

p: 0.0004

r: -0.09	Gender: male
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	463	161
Reject	698	152

n: 1474

p: 0.0006

r: -0.09	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	9	533
Reject	37	893

n: 1472

p: 0.0007

r: 0.09	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	94	448
Reject	97	833

n: 1472

p: 0.0008

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Socrates
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	10	396
Reject	33	656

n: 1095

p: 0.0038

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Quine
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	39	334
Reject	50	673

n: 1096

p: 0.0038

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Aquinas
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	13	393
Reject	38	651

n: 1095

p: 0.0043

r: -0.09	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	67	558
Reject	122	728

n: 1475

p: 0.001

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Merleau-Ponty
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	19	476
Reject	7	600

n: 1102

p: 0.0046

r: -0.09	AOS: Philosophy of Law
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	9	512
Reject	34	917

n: 1472

p: 0.0011

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	20	353
Reject	79	644

n: 1096

p: 0.005

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Socrates
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	28	467
Reject	15	592

n: 1102

p: 0.0055

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Russell
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	32	341
Reject	37	686

n: 1096

p: 0.0066

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Whitehead
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	6	489
Reject	0	607

n: 1102

p: 0.008

r: 0.08	Tradition: Analytic
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	453	59
Reject	788	159

n: 1459

p: 0.0024

r: 0.08	Gender: male
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	429	89
Reject	731	223

n: 1472

p: 0.0025

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Social Science
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	26	495
Reject	20	931

n: 1472

p: 0.0026

r: 0.08	Region of affiliation: Oceania
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	39	486
Reject	40	934

n: 1499

p: 0.0025

r: 0.08	AOS: Normative Ethics
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	147	395
Reject	162	768

n: 1472

p: 0.003

r: -0.08	AOS: Decision Theory
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	8	534
Reject	35	895

n: 1472

p: 0.0034

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Frege
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	40	366
Reject	43	646

n: 1095

p: 0.0125

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Dewey
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	18	355
Reject	19	704

n: 1096

p: 0.013

r: 0.07	Philosopher: James
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	20	353
Reject	17	706

n: 1096

p: 0.013

r: -0.07	Gender: female
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	88	430
Reject	217	737

n: 1472

p: 0.0046

r: 0.07	Region of PhD: Europe
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	50	331
Reject	52	613

n: 1046

p: 0.0176

r: 0.07	Region of nationality: Europe
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	123	378
Reject	167	730

n: 1398

p: 0.0072

r: 0.07	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	44	581
Reject	33	817

n: 1475

p: 0.0061

r: -0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Law
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	12	613
Reject	31	819

n: 1475

p: 0.0063

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Peirce
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	17	478
Reject	7	600

n: 1102

p: 0.0182

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Husserl
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	17	478
Reject	11	596

n: 1102

p: 0.0184

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Hegel
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	19	387
Reject	12	677

n: 1095

p: 0.0194

r: 0.07	AOS: Applied Ethics
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	95	447
Reject	102	828

n: 1472

p: 0.0073

r: 0.07	AOS: 20th Century Philosophy
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	68	557
Reject	51	799

n: 1475

p: 0.0082

r: 0.07	AOS: Asian Philosophy
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	19	606
Reject	8	842

n: 1475

p: 0.0083

r: -0.07	AOS: General Philosophy of Science
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	54	571
Reject	113	737

n: 1475

p: 0.0099

r: 0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Biology
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	28	493
Reject	27	924

n: 1472

p: 0.0101

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Carnap
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	17	478
Reject	55	552

n: 1102

p: 0.0281

r: 0.07	Philosopher: ramsey
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	5	368
Reject	1	722

n: 1096

p: 0.0308

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Carnap
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	14	392
Reject	57	632

n: 1095

p: 0.0315

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Heidegger
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	6	400
Reject	23	666

n: 1095

p: 0.0322

r: -0.06	Region of PhD: Oceania
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	13	419
Reject	35	579

n: 1046

p: 0.041

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Mill
Normative ethics: deontology	Yes	No
Accept	18	388
Reject	41	648

n: 1095

p: 0.0372

r: -0.06	AOS: Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	37	588
Reject	91	759

n: 1475

p: 0.0187

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Foucault
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	13	482
Reject	5	602

n: 1102

p: 0.0458

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Action
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	47	578
Reject	43	807

n: 1475

p: 0.0225

r: 0.06	Region of affiliation: Asia
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	17	508
Reject	25	949

n: 1499

p: 0.0238

r: -0.06	Region of nationality: Europe
Normative ethics: virtue ethics	Yes	No
Accept	99	486
Reject	190	623

n: 1398

p: 0.0319

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Physical Science
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	26	495
Reject	24	927

n: 1472

p: 0.0277

r: -0.06	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Normative ethics: consequentialism	Yes	No
Accept	19	502
Reject	52	899

n: 1472

p: 0.0307