Survey Results

Political philosophy: libertarianism, communitarianism, or egalitarianism?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1537 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
communitarianism

27.26% (22.06%)

Reject or lean against:
communitarianism

2.41% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
egalitarianism

44.05% (38.26%)

Reject or lean against:
egalitarianism

2.02% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism

13.40% (10.28%)

Reject or lean against:
libertarianism

4.49% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

8.91%

Accept an alternative view

5.53%

The question is too unclear to answer

4.88%

There is no fact of the matter

0.85%

Agnostic/undecided

7.68%

Other

1.56%

N = 1537, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (248 respondents)

Most popular option combinations

Options	Number of responses	% of responses
Accept or lean towards: communitarianism Accept or lean towards: egalitarianism	41	2.67%
Accept or lean towards: communitarianism Accept or lean towards: egalitarianism Accept or lean towards: libertarianism	18	1.17%
Accept or lean towards: egalitarianism Accept or lean towards: libertarianism	17	1.11%
Accept or lean towards: communitarianism Accept or lean towards: libertarianism	12	0.78%
Accept or lean towards: egalitarianism	9	0.59%

Alternative Views

134 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

SOCI (10): socialism (6) socialist (2) social (1) society (1)
CONS (9): conservatism (7) consequentialism (2)
ANAR (9): anarchism (8) anarchist (1)
MARX (7): marxist (4) marxism (3)
UTIL (6): utilitarianism (4) utilitarian (2)
RAWL (5): rawlsian (3) rawls (1) rawlsianism (1)
REPU (5): republicanism (5)
SUFF (5): sufficientarianism (4) sufficiency (1)
PLUR (5): pluralism (3) plural (1) pluralist (1)
CONT (4): context (1) contractualism (1) context-dependent (1) contractarianism (1)
PRIO (4): prioritarianism (4)
DEMO (4): democracy (3) democrat (1)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

Comparison type

AOS

Geographic filters do not apply to this section.

Option

2009

2020

Change

Swing

Option

Accept or lean towards: communitarianism

14.29%

15.12%

0.83

2.03

2009	14.29%
2020	15.12%
Change	0.83
Swing	2.03

Accept or lean towards: egalitarianism

34.8%

32.87%

1.93

-0.74

2009	34.8%
2020	32.87%
Change	1.93
Swing	-0.74

Accept or lean towards: libertarianism

9.88%

7.41%

2.47

-1.29

2009	9.88%
2020	7.41%
Change	2.47
Swing	-1.29

Accept a combination of views

13%

7.87%

5.13

2009	13%
2020	7.87%
Change	5.13

Accept an alternative view

3.97%

5.86%

1.89

2009	3.97%
2020	5.86%
Change	1.89

The question is too unclear to answer

4.51%

4.01%

0.50

2009	4.51%
2020	4.01%
Change	0.50

There is no fact of the matter

0.54%

0.77%

0.23

2009	0.54%
2020	0.77%
Change	0.23

Insufficiently familiar with the issue

10.74%

15.28%

4.54

2009	10.74%
2020	15.28%
Change	4.54

Agnostic/undecided

5.48%

7.56%

2.08

2009	5.48%
2020	7.56%
Change	2.08

Skipped

2.04%

2.01%

0.03

2009	2.04%
2020	2.01%
Change	0.03

Other

0.75%

1.23%

0.48

2009	0.75%
2020	1.23%
Change	0.48

N (2020) = 648
N (2009) = 931

Weighted values

Option	2009	2020	Change
Communitarianism	23.25	24	0.75
Egalitarianism	39.31	38.19	1.12
Libertarianism	21.16	18.98	2.18

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.48	Politics: capitalism
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	106	25
Reject	138	451

n: 720

p < 0.0001

r: 0.32	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	135	77
Reject	142	301

n: 655

p < 0.0001

r: 0.28	Abortion: permissible
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	401	22
Reject	304	95

n: 822

p < 0.0001

r: -0.28	Politics: capitalism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	85	281
Reject	159	198

n: 723

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Race: biological
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	76	105
Reject	162	801

n: 1144

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Normative ethics: virtue ethics
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	228	142
Reject	285	510

n: 1165

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	105	228
Reject	172	151

n: 656

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Gender categories: preserve
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	45	66
Reject	105	490

n: 706

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	God: theism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	78	567
Reject	173	432

n: 1250

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Capital punishment: permissible
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	46	86
Reject	102	578

n: 812

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Gender: social
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	91	86
Reject	724	244

n: 1145

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Race: social
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	91	90
Reject	734	230

n: 1145

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Gender: biological
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	100	76
Reject	269	688

n: 1133

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	20	244
Reject	89	215

n: 568

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Gender categories: preserve
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	48	316
Reject	102	241

n: 707

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Moral principles: moral generalism
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	103	112
Reject	310	195

n: 720

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Moral principles: moral generalism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	252	130
Reject	162	178

n: 722

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Units of selection: genes
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	101
Reject	169	142

n: 475

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	133	94
Reject	391	129

n: 747

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Abortion: permissible
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	93	37
Reject	611	80

n: 821

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	God: theism
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	268
Reject	129	728

n: 1246

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Capital punishment: permissible
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	50	376
Reject	97	294

n: 817

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Gender: social
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	465	132
Reject	354	199

n: 1150

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Practical reason: Kantian
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	86	247
Reject	51	270

n: 654

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Personal identity: further-fact view
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	75	458
Reject	118	381

n: 1032

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Gender: biological
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	161	426
Reject	208	343

n: 1138

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	125
Reject	55	333

n: 567

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Propositional attitudes: representational
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	67	105
Reject	215	167

n: 554

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Environmental ethics: anthropocentric
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	65	47
Reject	233	329

n: 674

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Other minds: future AI systems
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	190	214
Reject	140	256

n: 800

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Free will: libertarianism
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	130
Reject	181	863

n: 1243

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Normative ethics: virtue ethics
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	213	376
Reject	298	280

n: 1167

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Personal identity: further-fact view
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	92	229
Reject	100	606

n: 1027

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Race: social
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	470	126
Reject	360	193

n: 1149

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Eating animals and animal products: omnivorism (yes and yes)
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	131	62
Reject	512	535

n: 1240

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Eating animals and animal products: omnivorism (yes and yes)
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	290	340
Reject	353	260

n: 1243

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Free will: libertarianism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	93	543
Reject	161	447

n: 1244

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Practical reason: Humean
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	163
Reject	169	274

n: 655

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Mind uploading: survival
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	46	168
Reject	170	307

n: 691

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: no fine-tuning
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	193
Reject	62	242

n: 566

p: 0.0004

r: -0.15	Abortion: permissible
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	197	52
Reject	508	65

n: 822

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Propositional attitudes: dispositional
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	100
Reject	117	265

n: 555

p: 0.0005

r: 0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	31	70
Reject	77	389

n: 567

p: 0.0004

r: -0.15	Temporal ontology: eternalism
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	101
Reject	150	188

n: 483

p: 0.0012

r: 0.15	Temporal ontology: growing block
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	103
Reject	62	275

n: 482

p: 0.0014

r: -0.15	Practical reason: Kantian
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	175
Reject	102	341

n: 653

p: 0.0002

r: 0.14	Meaning of life: objective
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	171	170
Reject	256	479

n: 1076

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	154
Reject	33	180

n: 410

p: 0.0034

r: 0.14	Mind: physicalism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	397	211
Reject	294	294

n: 1196

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Mind uploading: survival
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	132	224
Reject	86	252

n: 694

p: 0.0002

r: -0.14	Meaning of life: objective
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	183	365
Reject	244	287

n: 1079

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Practical reason: Humean
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	131	201
Reject	88	236

n: 656

p: 0.0003

r: 0.14	Personal identity: psychological view
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	316	223
Reject	232	268

n: 1039

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Material composition: restrictivism
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	60
Reject	83	141

n: 343

p: 0.0095

r: 0.14	Normative ethics: deontology
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	251	341
Reject	192	383

n: 1167

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Eating animals and animal products: veganism (no and no)
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	144	486
Reject	89	523

n: 1242

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Units of selection: genes
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	127	106
Reject	105	138

n: 476

p: 0.003

r: 0.14	Quantum mechanics: many-worlds
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	139
Reject	41	167

n: 390

p: 0.0076

r: 0.13	Causation: nonexistent
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	8	91
Reject	17	502

n: 618

p: 0.001

r: 0.13	Semantic content: minimalism (no more than a few)
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	81
Reject	34	429

n: 557

p: 0.002

r: 0.13	Other minds: plants
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	228
Reject	34	513

n: 796

p: 0.0002

r: -0.13	Other minds: future AI systems
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	87	162
Reject	240	307

n: 796

p: 0.0002

r: -0.13	Hume: skeptic
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	103	213
Reject	145	178

n: 639

p: 0.001

r: -0.13	Moral principles: moral generalism
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	61	55
Reject	351	250

n: 717

p: 0.0005

r: -0.13	Gender categories: revise
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	50	61
Reject	348	247

n: 706

p: 0.0006

r: -0.13	Race: biological
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	494
Reject	135	420

n: 1148

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Propositional attitudes: representational
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	156	110
Reject	128	162

n: 556

p: 0.0026

r: -0.13	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	83
Reject	288	300

n: 706

p: 0.0008

r: -0.13	Eating animals and animal products: vegetarianism (no and yes)
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	31	162
Reject	334	715

n: 1242

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Cosmological fine-tuning: multiverse
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	56	211
Reject	39	264

n: 570

p: 0.0026

r: -0.13	Law: legal positivism
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	46	107
Reject	150	185

n: 488

p: 0.0056

r: -0.12	Consciousness: dualism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	292
Reject	109	234

n: 695

p: 0.0011

r: -0.12	Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	57
Reject	154	252

n: 491

p: 0.0067

r: 0.12	Response to external-world skepticism: contextualist
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	89
Reject	58	470

n: 638

p: 0.002

r: 0.12	Aesthetic value: objective
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	206	148
Reject	372	426

n: 1152

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Grounds of intentionality: primitive
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	115
Reject	42	305

n: 495

p: 0.007

r: -0.12	Aesthetic value: objective
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	269	318
Reject	310	259

n: 1156

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Teletransporter: survival
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	245	281
Reject	174	326

n: 1026

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Environmental ethics: anthropocentric
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	145	193
Reject	152	185

n: 675

p: 0.0019

r: 0.12	Normative concepts: ought
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	74
Reject	70	418

n: 583

p: 0.0039

r: -0.12	Mind: physicalism
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	178	182
Reject	511	322

n: 1193

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Free will: compatibilism
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	107	92
Reject	684	361

n: 1244

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	130	97
Reject	319	138

n: 684

p: 0.002

r: 0.12	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	336	199
Reject	271	243

n: 1049

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Properties: classes
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	41	200
Reject	31	251

n: 523

p: 0.0069

r: -0.12	Kant: one world
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	48
Reject	225	206

n: 513

p: 0.0082

r: 0.12	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	284	92
Reject	242	131

n: 749

p: 0.0014

r: 0.12	Hume: skeptic
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	105	106
Reject	144	284

n: 639

p: 0.0033

r: 0.11	Arguments for theism: moral
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	172
Reject	42	395

n: 648

p: 0.0039

r: 0.11	Properties: tropes
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	199
Reject	45	237

n: 524

p: 0.0095

r: 0.11	Consciousness: dualism
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	76
Reject	127	447

n: 692

p: 0.0033

r: -0.11	Foundations of mathematics: set-theoretic
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	176
Reject	47	166

n: 410

p: 0.024

r: -0.11	Abstract objects: Platonism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	203	362
Reject	276	276

n: 1117

p: 0.0002

r: 0.11	God: theism
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	53	138
Reject	196	859

n: 1246

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Morality: constructivism
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	109	279
Reject	77	289

n: 754

p: 0.0023

r: 0.11	Aim of philosophy: happiness
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	83	301
Reject	88	693

n: 1165

p: 0.0002

r: 0.11	Values in science: necessarily value-free
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	32	86
Reject	96	492

n: 706

p: 0.0033

r: 0.11	Race categories: preserve
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	95
Reject	43	514

n: 665

p: 0.0044

r: 0.11	Time: A-theory
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	91	130
Reject	147	361

n: 729

p: 0.003

r: 0.11	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Accept	Reject
Accept	135	96
Reject	190	286

n: 707

p: 0.0037

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: -0.21	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	50	358
Reject	180	709

n: 1297

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Philosopher: Rawls
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	52	434
Reject	10	489

n: 985

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Philosopher: Rawls
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	7	327
Reject	55	594

n: 983

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	156	505
Reject	76	563

n: 1300

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Tradition: Analytic
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	295	110
Reject	776	99

n: 1280

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Philosopher: Aquinas
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	481
Reject	33	466

n: 985

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	43	365
Reject	35	854

n: 1297

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Philosopher: Aquinas
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	28	306
Reject	10	639

n: 983

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Tradition: Other tradition
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	68	337
Reject	50	825

n: 1280

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Region of PhD: Europe
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	25	110
Reject	61	711

n: 907

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Kant
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	95	391
Reject	54	445

n: 985

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Philosopher: Rawls
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	7	156
Reject	55	761

n: 979

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	25	383
Reject	15	874

n: 1297

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Kierkegaard
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	13	321
Reject	5	644

n: 983

p: 0.0003

r: -0.11	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	9	652
Reject	31	608

n: 1300

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Region of affiliation: Europe
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	53	152
Reject	164	947

n: 1316

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	23	638
Reject	55	584

n: 1300

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	38	164
Reject	193	901

n: 1296

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	AOS: Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	35	626
Reject	75	564

n: 1300

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	AOS: Normative Ethics
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	32	170
Reject	259	835

n: 1296

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	AOS: Applied Ethics
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	121	540
Reject	76	563

n: 1300

p: 0.0002

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Plato
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	31	303
Reject	30	619

n: 983

p: 0.0015

r: 0.1	AOS: Normative Ethics
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	173	488
Reject	116	523

n: 1300

p: 0.0003

r: 0.1	AOS: 20th Century Philosophy
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	52	356
Reject	58	831

n: 1297

p: 0.0003

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Mill
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	7	327
Reject	45	604

n: 983

p: 0.0016

r: -0.1	AOS: Normative Ethics
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	78	330
Reject	211	678

n: 1297

p: 0.0003

r: -0.1	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	32	629
Reject	66	573

n: 1300

p: 0.0003

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Kant
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	41	293
Reject	108	541

n: 983

p: 0.0025

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Augustine
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	12	322
Reject	8	641

n: 983

p: 0.004

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Foucault
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	15	319
Reject	8	641

n: 983

p: 0.004

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Aristotle
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	84	250
Reject	107	542

n: 983

p: 0.005

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Reid
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	9	477
Reject	19	480

n: 985

p: 0.0053

r: 0.09	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	33	375
Reject	33	856

n: 1297

p: 0.0015

r: 0.09	Tradition: Analytic
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	557	94
Reject	515	116

n: 1282

p: 0.0016

r: -0.09	Tradition: Other tradition
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	47	604
Reject	72	559

n: 1282

p: 0.0018

r: 0.09	Region of PhD: United States
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	198	72
Reject	427	211

n: 908

p: 0.0089

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Aristotle
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	80	406
Reject	111	388

n: 985

p: 0.0072

r: 0.09	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	111	550
Reject	72	567

n: 1300

p: 0.0021

r: 0.08	Region of nationality: Europe
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	50	128
Reject	207	835

n: 1220

p: 0.003

r: -0.08	Region of PhD: United States
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	77	58
Reject	545	227

n: 907

p: 0.0118

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Husserl
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	9	477
Reject	20	479

n: 985

p: 0.0087

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Leibniz
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	8	155
Reject	20	796

n: 979

p: 0.009

r: -0.08	AOS: 20th Century Philosophy
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	44	617
Reject	67	572

n: 1300

p: 0.0027

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Augustine
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	481
Reject	15	484

n: 985

p: 0.0091

r: -0.08	Region of PhD: Oceania
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	9	261
Reject	36	602

n: 908

p: 0.0128

r: -0.08	AOS: Epistemology
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	123	538
Reject	164	475

n: 1300

p: 0.0032

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Du Bois
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	10	476
Reject	1	498

n: 985

p: 0.011

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Parfit
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	329
Reject	32	617

n: 983

p: 0.0117

r: 0.08	Gender: male
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	167	26
Reject	849	248

n: 1290

p: 0.004

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Leibniz
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	7	479
Reject	21	478

n: 985

p: 0.0121

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Hegel
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	17	317
Reject	12	637

n: 983

p: 0.0136

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Nietzsche
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	10	476
Reject	21	478

n: 985

p: 0.0146

r: -0.08	Gender: female
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	25	168
Reject	244	853

n: 1290

p: 0.0053

r: -0.08	AOS: Feminist Philosophy
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	7	195
Reject	61	1033

n: 1296

p: 0.0068

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Mill
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	33	453
Reject	20	479

n: 985

p: 0.0195

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Hume
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	97	389
Reject	76	423

n: 985

p: 0.0202

r: 0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	44	364
Reject	54	835

n: 1297

p: 0.0079

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Parfit
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	25	461
Reject	12	487

n: 985

p: 0.0209

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Locke
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	9	154
Reject	14	802

n: 979

p: 0.0227

r: 0.07	Tradition: Continental
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	42	363
Reject	49	826

n: 1280

p: 0.0094

r: -0.07	Region of affiliation: Canada
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	9	196
Reject	82	1029

n: 1316

p: 0.0085

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Plato
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	25	461
Reject	36	463

n: 985

p: 0.0233

r: -0.07	Region of PhD: Oceania
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	130
Reject	40	732

n: 907

p: 0.0304

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Reid
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	8	155
Reject	18	798

n: 979

p: 0.0255

r: 0.07	AOS: Epistemology
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	100	308
Reject	187	702

n: 1297

p: 0.0105

r: 0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Mind
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	148	513
Reject	104	535

n: 1300

p: 0.0108

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Socrates
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	13	473
Reject	25	474

n: 985

p: 0.027

r: -0.07	Gender: male
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	510	157
Reject	508	119

n: 1294

p: 0.0122

r: -0.07	Region of nationality: Oceania
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	173
Reject	65	977

n: 1220

p: 0.0183

r: -0.07	AOS: Applied Ethics
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	54	354
Reject	141	748

n: 1297

p: 0.0161

r: -0.07	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	47	361
Reject	135	754

n: 1297

p: 0.0164

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Heidegger
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	8	478
Reject	13	486

n: 985

p: 0.0373

r: -0.07	Tradition: Continental
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	8	181
Reject	83	1008

n: 1280

p: 0.0186

r: 0.07	Region of affiliation: United States
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	252	160
Reject	483	422

n: 1317

p: 0.0178

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Hume
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	42	292
Reject	128	521

n: 983

p: 0.0433

r: 0.06	AOS: Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Political philosophy: communitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	39	369
Reject	71	818

n: 1297

p: 0.021

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Kierkegaard
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	481
Reject	13	486

n: 985

p: 0.0455

r: 0.06	AOS: Decision Theory
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	8	194
Reject	25	1069

n: 1296

p: 0.0251

r: 0.06	Gender: female
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	152	515
Reject	119	508

n: 1294

p: 0.0262

r: 0.06	AOS: Logic and Philosophy of Logic
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	20	182
Reject	89	1005

n: 1296

p: 0.0279

r: 0.06	Region of nationality: Oceania
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	44	593
Reject	26	560

n: 1223

p: 0.0366

r: -0.06	AOS: Metaphysics
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	107	554
Reject	140	499

n: 1300

p: 0.0347

r: -0.06	Region of affiliation: United States
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	100	105
Reject	634	477

n: 1316

p: 0.0389

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	29	632
Reject	16	623

n: 1300

p: 0.0438

r: 0.06	Tradition: Analytic
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	164	25
Reject	907	184

n: 1280

p: 0.0479

r: 0.05	AOS: General Philosophy of Science
Political philosophy: libertarianism	Yes	No
Accept	29	173
Reject	111	983

n: 1296

p: 0.048

r: 0.05	Region of affiliation: Canada
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	59	614
Reject	33	614

n: 1320

p: 0.0472

r: 0.05	Gender: other
Political philosophy: egalitarianism	Yes	No
Accept	5	662
Reject	0	627

n: 1294

p: 0.0495