Survey Results

Metaphilosophy: non-naturalism or naturalism?


1549 respondents
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What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Accept or lean towards:
naturalism
50.16% (49.39%)
Reject or lean against:
naturalism
0.19% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
31.12% (30.34%)
Reject or lean against:
non-naturalism
0.19% (0.00%)
Accept a combination of views
1.16%
Accept an alternative view
2.00%
The question is too unclear to answer
9.49%
There is no fact of the matter
0.97%
Agnostic/undecided
6.13%
Other
0.52%
N = 1549, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (236 respondents)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

Geographic filters do not apply to this section.
Option 2009 2020 Change Swing
Option
Accept or lean towards: naturalism 49.84% 43.21%  6.63 -1.71
2009 49.84%
2020 43.21%
Change  6.63
Swing -1.71
Accept or lean towards: non-naturalism 25.89% 22.69%  3.20  1.71
2009 25.89%
2020 22.69%
Change  3.20
Swing  1.71
Accept a combination of views 2.69% 0.77%  1.92
2009 2.69%
2020 0.77%
Change  1.92
Accept an alternative view 0.75% 1.54%  0.79
2009 0.75%
2020 1.54%
Change  0.79
The question is too unclear to answer 9.67% 11.57%  1.90
2009 9.67%
2020 11.57%
Change  1.90
There is no fact of the matter 0.32% 0.77%  0.45
2009 0.32%
2020 0.77%
Change  0.45
Insufficiently familiar with the issue 6.77% 12.19%  5.42
2009 6.77%
2020 12.19%
Change  5.42
Agnostic/undecided 2.69% 6.02%  3.33
2009 2.69%
2020 6.02%
Change  3.33
Skipped 1.18% 0.93%  0.25
2009 1.18%
2020 0.93%
Change  0.25
Other 0.21% 0.31%  0.10
2009 0.21%
2020 0.31%
Change  0.10
N (2020) = 648
N (2009) = 931
Weighted values
Option 2009 2020 Change
Naturalism 50.73 53.95 3.22
Non-naturalism 32.75 34.13 1.38

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.62
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 576 137
Reject 137 381
n: 1231
p < 0.0001
r: -0.58
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 29 400
Reject 197 149
n: 775
p < 0.0001
r: -0.52
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 39 388
Reject 149 158
n: 734
p < 0.0001
r: -0.51
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 12 341
Reject 107 159
n: 619
p < 0.0001
r: -0.47
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 59 676
Reject 209 326
n: 1270
p < 0.0001
r: 0.45
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 465 156
Reject 159 290
n: 1070
p < 0.0001
r: -0.43
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 167 462
Reject 280 188
n: 1097
p < 0.0001
r: 0.43
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 592 153
Reject 238 284
n: 1267
p < 0.0001
r: 0.43
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 468 26
Reject 253 111
n: 858
p < 0.0001
r: -0.39
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 72 662
Reject 191 341
n: 1266
p < 0.0001
r: 0.39
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 186 191
Reject 42 237
n: 656
p < 0.0001
r: 0.34
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 202 230
Reject 79 268
n: 779
p < 0.0001
r: -0.34
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 58 543
Reject 140 303
n: 1044
p < 0.0001
r: -0.33
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 198 464
Reject 297 194
n: 1153
p < 0.0001
r: 0.32
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 216 215
Reject 63 244
n: 738
p < 0.0001
r: -0.32
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 399 312
Reject 427 106
n: 1244
p < 0.0001
r: -0.31
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 177 215
Reject 224 82
n: 698
p < 0.0001
r: 0.3
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 164 165
Reject 50 169
n: 548
p < 0.0001
r: -0.3
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 259 196
Reject 258 72
n: 785
p < 0.0001
r: 0.28
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 358 95
Reject 189 134
n: 776
p < 0.0001
r: -0.28
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 489 229
Reject 484 67
n: 1269
p < 0.0001
r: -0.28
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 68 317
Reject 116 192
n: 693
p < 0.0001
r: 0.28
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 326 419
Reject 132 390
n: 1267
p < 0.0001
r: -0.27
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 25 302
Reject 55 167
n: 549
p < 0.0001
r: 0.27
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 236 230
Reject 122 238
n: 826
p < 0.0001
r: -0.27
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 319 426
Reject 339 183
n: 1267
p < 0.0001
r: 0.27
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 118 276
Reject 35 270
n: 699
p < 0.0001
r: -0.27
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 50 341
Reject 90 187
n: 668
p < 0.0001
r: -0.27
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 277 391
Reject 311 189
n: 1168
p < 0.0001
r: -0.27
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 445 241
Reject 436 93
n: 1215
p < 0.0001
r: 0.26
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 311 351
Reject 126 383
n: 1171
p < 0.0001
r: 0.26
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 287 375
Reject 113 395
n: 1170
p < 0.0001
r: -0.26
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 129 271
Reject 161 163
n: 724
p < 0.0001
r: 0.26
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 321 311
Reject 131 336
n: 1099
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 141 124
Reject 61 156
n: 482
p < 0.0001
r: -0.24
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 117 276
Reject 136 137
n: 666
p < 0.0001
r: -0.24
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 135 491
Reject 184 309
n: 1119
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 115 302
Reject 39 288
n: 744
p < 0.0001
r: -0.24
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 64 300
Reject 103 212
n: 679
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 196 199
Reject 79 200
n: 674
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 76 358
Reject 16 328
n: 778
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 186 273
Reject 209 148
n: 816
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 56 344
Reject 102 206
n: 708
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 41 258
Reject 88 177
n: 564
p < 0.0001
r: 0.23
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 523 212
Reject 290 243
n: 1268
p < 0.0001
r: 0.23
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 102 251
Reject 44 219
n: 616
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 152 202
Reject 59 205
n: 618
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 230 440
Reject 92 399
n: 1161
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 100 338
Reject 140 196
n: 774
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 21 337
Reject 37 198
n: 593
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 76 230
Reject 97 126
n: 529
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 187 203
Reject 92 214
n: 696
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 67 233
Reject 29 236
n: 565
p < 0.0001
r: -0.21
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 133 244
Reject 149 130
n: 656
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 33 395
Reject 9 336
n: 773
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 369 235
Reject 182 266
n: 1052
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 109 190
Reject 125 118
n: 542
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 158 470
Reject 55 405
n: 1088
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 408 302
Reject 414 132
n: 1256
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 40 257
Reject 71 166
n: 534
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 130 201
Reject 63 193
n: 587
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 52 247
Reject 23 241
n: 563
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 90 236
Reject 109 141
n: 576
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 160 251
Reject 69 242
n: 722
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 128 555
Reject 46 455
n: 1184
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 77 317
Reject 32 272
n: 698
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 299 251
Reject 137 249
n: 936
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 98 267
Reject 112 147
n: 624
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 177 133
Reject 80 120
n: 510
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 41 352
Reject 65 234
n: 692
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 83 345
Reject 29 277
n: 734
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 490 166
Reject 305 175
n: 1136
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 38 260
Reject 16 247
n: 561
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 22 339
Reject 58 256
n: 675
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 113 184
Reject 58 185
n: 540
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 14 323
Reject 31 228
n: 596
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 148 149
Reject 87 150
n: 534
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 104 328
Reject 53 293
n: 778
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 128 287
Reject 138 180
n: 733
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 37 391
Reject 2 305
n: 735
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 53 321
Reject 74 205
n: 653
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 298 330
Reject 168 325
n: 1121
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 119 615
Reject 27 506
n: 1267
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 191 471
Reject 224 286
n: 1172
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 189 457
Reject 192 286
n: 1124
p < 0.0001
r: 0.16
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 244 158
Reject 151 157
n: 710
p < 0.0001
r: 0.16
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 541 124
Reject 310 155
n: 1130
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 71 133
Reject 93 97
n: 394
p: 0.0017
r: -0.16
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 32 296
Reject 42 177
n: 547
p: 0.0003
r: 0.15
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 259 165
Reject 141 161
n: 726
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 375 232
Reject 215 246
n: 1068
p < 0.0001
r: -0.15
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 526 219
Reject 432 90
n: 1267
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 348 397
Reject 198 324
n: 1267
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 78 258
Reject 34 224
n: 594
p: 0.0003
r: -0.15
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 147 481
Reject 164 305
n: 1097
p < 0.0001
r: 0.14
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 192 197
Reject 124 187
n: 700
p < 0.0001
r: 0.14
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 210 466
Reject 103 388
n: 1167
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 78 470
Reject 77 308
n: 933
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 229 219
Reject 225 131
n: 804
p < 0.0001
r: -0.13
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Accept Reject
Accept 214 477
Reject 210 296
n: 1197
p < 0.0001

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.3
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 162 394
Reject 30 390
n: 976
p < 0.0001
r: -0.29
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 25 735
Reject 96 459
n: 1315
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 83 473
Reject 11 409
n: 976
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 121 639
Reject 24 531
n: 1315
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 9 547
Reject 36 384
n: 976
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 5 551
Reject 24 396
n: 976
p < 0.0001
r: 0.14
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 125 635
Reject 40 515
n: 1315
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 18 538
Reject 38 382
n: 976
p < 0.0001
r: 0.14
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 31 525
Reject 3 417
n: 976
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 10 750
Reject 30 525
n: 1315
p < 0.0001
r: -0.12
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 8 548
Reject 22 398
n: 976
p < 0.0001
r: 0.12
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 47 713
Reject 13 542
n: 1315
p < 0.0001
r: 0.12
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 48 508
Reject 12 408
n: 976
p: 0.0002
r: -0.11
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 124 636
Reject 141 414
n: 1315
p < 0.0001
r: -0.11
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 9 547
Reject 21 399
n: 976
p: 0.0007
r: -0.11
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 61 495
Reject 79 341
n: 976
p: 0.0008
r: -0.11
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 7 549
Reject 19 401
n: 976
p: 0.0008
r: -0.11
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 19 741
Reject 40 515
n: 1315
p < 0.0001
r: -0.1
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 148 612
Reject 149 406
n: 1315
p: 0.0002
r: -0.1
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 11 545
Reject 23 397
n: 976
p: 0.0018
r: 0.1
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 188 572
Reject 96 459
n: 1315
p: 0.0003
r: 0.1
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 662 91
Reject 451 99
n: 1303
p: 0.0003
r: 0.1
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 50 665
Reject 16 516
n: 1247
p: 0.0007
r: 0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 15 541
Reject 2 418
n: 976
p: 0.0033
r: -0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 26 727
Reject 41 509
n: 1303
p: 0.0007
r: -0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 26 734
Reject 39 516
n: 1315
p: 0.0008
r: 0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 41 719
Reject 12 543
n: 1315
p: 0.0009
r: 0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 40 720
Reject 13 542
n: 1315
p: 0.0009
r: 0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 34 523
Reject 9 371
n: 937
p: 0.0068
r: -0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 15 541
Reject 28 392
n: 976
p: 0.0057
r: -0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 6 550
Reject 17 403
n: 976
p: 0.006
r: 0.09
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 52 714
Reject 17 550
n: 1333
p: 0.0017
r: 0.08
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 29 527
Reject 6 414
n: 976
p: 0.0109
r: 0.08
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 62 494
Reject 27 393
n: 976
p: 0.015
r: 0.08
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 19 537
Reject 4 416
n: 976
p: 0.0159
r: 0.08
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 155 601
Reject 84 469
n: 1309
p: 0.0055
r: -0.07
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 599 157
Reject 466 87
n: 1309
p: 0.0087
r: -0.07
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 35 521
Reject 39 381
n: 976
p: 0.0278
r: 0.07
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 5 551
Reject 0 420
n: 976
p: 0.0322
r: 0.07
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 5 551
Reject 0 420
n: 976
p: 0.0322
r: -0.07
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 47 713
Reject 53 502
n: 1315
p: 0.0145
r: 0.07
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 10 546
Reject 1 419
n: 976
p: 0.0398
r: 0.07
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 13 543
Reject 5 415
n: 976
p: 0.0413
r: -0.06
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 92 668
Reject 84 471
n: 1315
p: 0.022
r: 0.06
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 36 724
Reject 16 539
n: 1315
p: 0.0385
r: -0.06
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 42 718
Reject 39 516
n: 1315
p: 0.042
r: -0.05
Metaphilosophy: naturalism Yes No
Accept 167 593
Reject 146 409
n: 1315
p: 0.0494