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Survey Results
Law: legal positivism or legal non-positivism?
618 respondents
Accept or lean towards:
legal positivism
legal positivism
39.48% (38.83%)
Reject or lean against:
legal positivism
legal positivism
0.00% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
legal non-positivism
legal non-positivism
44.98% (44.17%)
Reject or lean against:
legal non-positivism
legal non-positivism
0.00% (0.00%)
Accept a combination of views
0.97%
Accept an alternative view
1.78%
The question is too unclear to answer
2.10%
There is no fact of the matter
0.81%
Agnostic/undecided
11.00%
Other
0.32%
Alternative Views
15 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.
- MORA (3): moral (3)
- NATU (2): natural (2)
Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey
Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)
r: -0.3
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 79 | 138 |
Reject | 189 | 111 |
n: 517
p < 0.0001
r: 0.29
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 71 | 67 |
Reject | 58 | 134 |
n: 330
p < 0.0001
r: 0.29
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 83 | 96 |
Reject | 61 | 188 |
n: 428
p < 0.0001
r: -0.28
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 23 | 201 |
Reject | 95 | 232 |
n: 551
p < 0.0001
r: 0.27
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 151 | 75 |
Reject | 137 | 169 |
n: 532
p < 0.0001
r: -0.27
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 83 | 92 |
Reject | 183 | 79 |
n: 437
p < 0.0001
r: -0.26
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 56 | 132 |
Reject | 149 | 137 |
n: 474
p < 0.0001
r: -0.26
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 26 | 203 |
Reject | 91 | 234 |
n: 554
p < 0.0001
r: -0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 14 | 134 |
Reject | 57 | 158 |
n: 363
p < 0.0001
r: 0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 78 | 52 |
Reject | 76 | 112 |
n: 318
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 141 | 61 |
Reject | 124 | 156 |
n: 482
p < 0.0001
r: -0.24
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 59 | 147 |
Reject | 145 | 161 |
n: 512
p < 0.0001
r: -0.24
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 113 |
Reject | 53 | 139 |
n: 329
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 91 | 119 |
Reject | 76 | 219 |
n: 505
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 191 | 14 |
Reject | 219 | 69 |
n: 493
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 103 |
Reject | 71 | 128 |
n: 348
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 52 | 126 |
Reject | 118 | 131 |
n: 427
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 36 | 59 |
Reject | 37 | 111 |
n: 243
p: 0.0005
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 99 | 108 |
Reject | 90 | 214 |
n: 511
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 63 | 84 |
Reject | 57 | 155 |
n: 359
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 95 | 80 |
Reject | 99 | 153 |
n: 427
p < 0.0001
r: -0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 137 | 89 |
Reject | 244 | 78 |
n: 548
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 96 | 108 |
Reject | 105 | 185 |
n: 494
p < 0.0001
r: -0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 33 | 62 |
Reject | 66 | 82 |
n: 243
p: 0.0011
r: 0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 156 | 40 |
Reject | 174 | 97 |
n: 467
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 35 | 149 |
Reject | 84 | 165 |
n: 433
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 60 | 141 |
Reject | 139 | 174 |
n: 514
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 51 | 134 |
Reject | 48 | 233 |
n: 466
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 153 | 71 |
Reject | 251 | 64 |
n: 539
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 131 | 61 |
Reject | 134 | 128 |
n: 454
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 62 | 109 |
Reject | 61 | 207 |
n: 439
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 36 | 116 |
Reject | 84 | 109 |
n: 345
p: 0.001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 47 | 128 |
Reject | 51 | 212 |
n: 438
p: 0.0002
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 23 | 91 |
Reject | 18 | 144 |
n: 276
p: 0.0036
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 19 | 172 |
Reject | 8 | 270 |
n: 469
p: 0.0002
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 79 | 134 |
Reject | 142 | 146 |
n: 501
p: 0.0002
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 34 | 105 |
Reject | 24 | 176 |
n: 339
p: 0.003
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 154 | 74 |
Reject | 180 | 145 |
n: 553
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 38 | 117 |
Reject | 79 | 137 |
n: 371
p: 0.002
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 25 | 114 |
Reject | 61 | 139 |
n: 339
p: 0.0034
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 37 | 193 |
Reject | 20 | 305 |
n: 555
p: 0.0002
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 39 | 129 |
Reject | 73 | 178 |
n: 419
p: 0.0012
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 90 | 98 |
Reject | 89 | 196 |
n: 473
p: 0.0006
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 33 | 142 |
Reject | 28 | 235 |
n: 438
p: 0.001
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 36 | 158 |
Reject | 24 | 255 |
n: 473
p: 0.0006
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 66 | 116 |
Reject | 101 | 151 |
n: 434
p: 0.0011
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 43 | 147 |
Reject | 42 | 216 |
n: 448
p: 0.0012
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 22 | 168 |
Reject | 57 | 255 |
n: 502
p: 0.0007
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 74 | 96 |
Reject | 67 | 163 |
n: 400
p: 0.0027
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 159 | 69 |
Reject | 195 | 130 |
n: 553
p: 0.0004
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 160 | 70 |
Reject | 202 | 123 |
n: 555
p: 0.0004
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 17 | 120 |
Reject | 19 | 181 |
n: 337
p: 0.0066
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 43 | 154 |
Reject | 101 | 212 |
n: 510
p: 0.0009
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 68 | 117 |
Reject | 136 | 140 |
n: 461
p: 0.0016
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 78 | 47 |
Reject | 101 | 95 |
n: 321
p: 0.0099
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 30 | 180 |
Reject | 67 | 228 |
n: 505
p: 0.0014
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 10 | 155 |
Reject | 9 | 212 |
n: 386
p: 0.0053
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 53 | 175 |
Reject | 52 | 271 |
n: 551
p: 0.0009
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 57 | 79 |
Reject | 102 | 109 |
n: 347
p: 0.0099
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 74 | 140 |
Reject | 67 | 215 |
n: 496
p: 0.0023
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 42 | 143 |
Reject | 30 | 219 |
n: 434
p: 0.007
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 11 | 104 |
Reject | 9 | 152 |
n: 276
p: 0.0328
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 89 | 139 |
Reject | 108 | 217 |
n: 553
p: 0.0028
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 150 |
Reject | 107 | 185 |
n: 488
p: 0.0056
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 129 | 61 |
Reject | 159 | 114 |
n: 463
p: 0.0076
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 57 | 145 |
Reject | 116 | 191 |
n: 509
p: 0.0051
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 72 | 113 |
Reject | 79 | 197 |
n: 461
p: 0.0086
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 54 | 78 |
Reject | 111 | 98 |
n: 341
p: 0.0253
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 73 | 112 |
Reject | 73 | 176 |
n: 434
p: 0.0119
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 35 | 144 |
Reject | 42 | 230 |
n: 451
p: 0.0109
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 50 | 77 |
Reject | 59 | 122 |
n: 308
p: 0.0361
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 30 | 140 |
Reject | 27 | 198 |
n: 395
p: 0.0184
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 128 | 72 |
Reject | 131 | 137 |
n: 468
p: 0.0121
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 8 | 139 |
Reject | 22 | 177 |
n: 346
p: 0.0337
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 176 | 36 |
Reject | 193 | 79 |
n: 484
p: 0.012
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 60 | 92 |
Reject | 57 | 136 |
n: 345
p: 0.0377
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 29 | 108 |
Reject | 32 | 180 |
n: 349
p: 0.0368
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 18 | 129 |
Reject | 13 | 185 |
n: 345
p: 0.0387
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 44 | 184 |
Reject | 31 | 277 |
n: 536
p: 0.01
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 49 | 143 |
Reject | 92 | 186 |
n: 470
p: 0.0167
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 122 | 74 |
Reject | 186 | 76 |
n: 458
p: 0.0185
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 44 | 153 |
Reject | 85 | 180 |
n: 462
p: 0.0188
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 11 | 172 |
Reject | 9 | 240 |
n: 432
p: 0.0245
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 112 | 116 |
Reject | 184 | 139 |
n: 551
p: 0.0114
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 69 | 148 |
Reject | 66 | 227 |
n: 510
p: 0.0159
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 31 | 147 |
Reject | 78 | 193 |
n: 449
p: 0.0367
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 97 | 104 |
Reject | 114 | 175 |
n: 490
p: 0.0322
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 31 | 160 |
Reject | 57 | 207 |
n: 455
p: 0.0408
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 13 | 184 |
Reject | 9 | 266 |
n: 472
p: 0.0435
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 80 | 128 |
Reject | 145 | 160 |
n: 513
p: 0.04
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 109 | 119 |
Reject | 134 | 191 |
n: 553
p: 0.0444
Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)
r: -0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 23 | 168 |
Reject | 73 | 197 |
n: 461
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 47 | 144 |
Reject | 29 | 241 |
n: 461
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 108 | 124 |
Reject | 130 | 192 |
n: 554
p < 0.0001
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 27 | 164 |
Reject | 18 | 252 |
n: 461
p: 0.0007
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 13 | 222 |
Reject | 40 | 288 |
n: 563
p: 0.0002
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 211 | 24 |
Reject | 271 | 57 |
n: 563
p: 0.0004
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 20 | 171 |
Reject | 16 | 254 |
n: 461
p: 0.0013
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 8 | 183 |
Reject | 1 | 269 |
n: 461
p: 0.0031
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 12 | 229 |
Reject | 32 | 306 |
n: 579
p: 0.0015
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 12 | 229 |
Reject | 2 | 336 |
n: 579
p: 0.0026
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 6 | 185 |
Reject | 26 | 244 |
n: 461
p: 0.0077
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 6 | 185 |
Reject | 1 | 269 |
n: 461
p: 0.0144
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 14 | 227 |
Reject | 8 | 330 |
n: 579
p: 0.0113
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 19 | 222 |
Reject | 8 | 330 |
n: 579
p: 0.0122
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 25 | 216 |
Reject | 16 | 322 |
n: 579
p: 0.0197
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 8 | 183 |
Reject | 3 | 267 |
n: 461
p: 0.0385
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 10 | 181 |
Reject | 30 | 240 |
n: 461
p: 0.041
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 51 | 190 |
Reject | 56 | 282 |
n: 579
p: 0.0243
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Law: legal positivism | Yes | No |
Accept | 134 | 109 |
Reject | 207 | 131 |
n: 581
p: 0.0354