Survey Results

Morality: non-naturalism, constructivism, error theory, naturalist realism, or expressivism?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1024 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism

26.56% (24.22%)

Reject or lean against:
non-naturalism

2.15% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
naturalist realism

31.64% (28.13%)

Reject or lean against:
naturalist realism

1.66% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
constructivism

20.80% (17.68%)

Reject or lean against:
constructivism

1.86% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
expressivism

10.64% (8.20%)

Reject or lean against:
expressivism

2.64% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
error theory

5.27% (3.91%)

Reject or lean against:
error theory

3.32% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

6.25%

Accept an alternative view

2.64%

The question is too unclear to answer

1.76%

There is no fact of the matter

0.68%

Agnostic/undecided

5.66%

Other

0.88%

N = 1024, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (117 respondents)

Most popular option combinations

Options	Number of responses	% of responses
Accept or lean towards: non-naturalism Accept or lean towards: naturalist realism	9	0.88%
Accept or lean towards: naturalist realism Accept or lean towards: constructivism Accept or lean towards: expressivism	7	0.68%
Accept or lean towards: naturalist realism Accept or lean towards: constructivism	6	0.59%
Accept or lean towards: non-naturalism Accept or lean towards: naturalist realism Accept or lean towards: constructivism	4	0.39%
Accept or lean towards: expressivism Accept or lean towards: error theory	4	0.39%

Alternative Views

44 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

PRAG (5): pragmatic (3) pragmatist (2)
NONR (3): nonrealism (1) non-realism (1) non-robustly (1)
GOOD (3): good (2) goodness (1)
QUIE (3): quietism (2) quietist (1)
IDEA (2): idealism (2)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

This question was not in the 2009 survey

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: -0.58	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	197
Reject	400	149

n: 775

p < 0.0001

r: -0.47	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	83
Reject	621	183

n: 903

p < 0.0001

r: -0.47	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	75
Reject	646	139

n: 883

p < 0.0001

r: 0.47	Consciousness: dualism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	120	85
Reject	66	428

n: 699

p < 0.0001

r: 0.4	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	108
Reject	40	362

n: 592

p < 0.0001

r: -0.4	Mind: physicalism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	188
Reject	424	186

n: 861

p < 0.0001

r: -0.38	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	41
Reject	629	222

n: 901

p < 0.0001

r: 0.37	Meaning of life: objective
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	160	56
Reject	170	380

n: 766

p < 0.0001

r: 0.37	Personal identity: further-fact view
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	88	127
Reject	63	468

n: 746

p < 0.0001

r: -0.36	Knowledge: empiricism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	157
Reject	353	172

n: 741

p < 0.0001

r: 0.36	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	253	14
Reject	386	248

n: 901

p < 0.0001

r: 0.34	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Morality: naturalist realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	202	79
Reject	230	268

n: 779

p < 0.0001

r: 0.34	God: theism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	115	149
Reject	84	550

n: 898

p < 0.0001

r: 0.34	Abstract objects: Platonism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	174	68
Reject	194	370

n: 806

p < 0.0001

r: -0.33	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	52
Reject	231	216

n: 506

p < 0.0001

r: -0.33	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	91	101
Reject	548	164

n: 904

p < 0.0001

r: 0.32	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	108	100
Reject	95	361

n: 664

p < 0.0001

r: 0.32	Free will: libertarianism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	106	154
Reject	83	554

n: 897

p < 0.0001

r: 0.31	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	110	42
Reject	128	223

n: 503

p < 0.0001

r: -0.31	Abortion: permissible
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	150	73
Reject	525	67

n: 815

p < 0.0001

r: 0.3	Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological
Morality: naturalist realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	82
Reject	93	238

n: 511

p < 0.0001

r: 0.29	Meaning of life: subjective
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	100	67
Reject	183	420

n: 770

p < 0.0001

r: 0.28	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	248	18
Reject	422	192

n: 880

p < 0.0001

r: 0.28	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	193	58
Reject	300	345

n: 896

p < 0.0001

r: -0.28	Meaning of life: objective
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	128
Reject	293	309

n: 770

p < 0.0001

r: 0.28	Metaontology: anti-realism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	37
Reject	44	401

n: 503

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Meaning of life: subjective
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	32	183
Reject	247	305

n: 767

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	Truth: deflationary
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	39
Reject	172	560

n: 830

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Consciousness: functionalism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	167
Reject	220	276

n: 701

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Meaning of life: objective
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	65
Reject	315	374

n: 769

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	77
Reject	216	189

n: 504

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Aesthetic value: objective
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	175	75
Reject	255	320

n: 825

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	25	126
Reject	123	228

n: 502

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Practical reason: Humean
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	149
Reject	201	273

n: 644

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Aesthetic value: objective
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	63
Reject	405	335

n: 827

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Meaning of life: nonexistent
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	24
Reject	138	574

n: 760

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	A priori knowledge: yes
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	253	15
Reject	461	182

n: 911

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	106	114
Reject	138	411

n: 769

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Aesthetic value: objective
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	43
Reject	422	354

n: 826

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Causation: primitive
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	74	110
Reject	77	380

n: 641

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Continuum hypothesis: determinate
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	56
Reject	132	150

n: 352

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Practical reason: Humean
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	28
Reject	171	393

n: 646

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Consciousness: dualism
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	131
Reject	171	384

n: 701

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Abstract objects: Platonism
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	41	131
Reject	327	309

n: 808

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Justification: coherentism
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	61	78
Reject	111	417

n: 667

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	True contradictions: impossible
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	59
Reject	452	95

n: 687

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Practical reason: Humean
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	11
Reject	195	409

n: 643

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Extended mind: yes
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	110	46
Reject	262	279

n: 697

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Free will: no free will
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	32
Reject	85	762

n: 900

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	25
Reject	646	186

n: 881

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	True contradictions: possible but non-actual
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	128
Reject	18	529

n: 687

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Mind: physicalism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	77	24
Reject	414	349

n: 864

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Grounds of intentionality: primitive
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	105
Reject	35	326

n: 509

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Knowledge: empiricism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	16
Reject	351	312

n: 742

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Morality: naturalist realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	284	29
Reject	358	235

n: 906

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	Philosophical methods: empirical philosophy
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	126	125
Reject	453	192

n: 896

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	76	16
Reject	358	328

n: 778

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Consciousness: eliminativism
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	36
Reject	27	628

n: 698

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Well-being: objective list
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	162	39
Reject	258	229

n: 688

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Zombies: metaphysically possible
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	108	128
Reject	129	439

n: 804

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Truth: correspondence
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	64
Reject	460	273

n: 831

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Truth: correspondence
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	184	58
Reject	308	278

n: 828

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Well-being: hedonism/experientialism
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	11	27
Reject	90	558

n: 686

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Interlevel metaphysics: grounding
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	68
Reject	103	260

n: 512

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Mind: physicalism
Morality: naturalist realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	202	98
Reject	288	279

n: 867

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Laws of nature: Humean
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	210
Reject	218	358

n: 819

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Knowledge claims: contextualism
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	123	43
Reject	306	303

n: 775

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Well-being: objective list
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	42
Reject	383	227

n: 690

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Normative ethics: deontology
Morality: naturalist realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	84	216
Reject	243	302

n: 845

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Well-being: desire satisfaction
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	184
Reject	119	370

n: 689

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	142
Reject	219	387

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Science: scientific realism
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	118	63
Reject	584	96

n: 861

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	110
Reject	116	361

n: 593

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Extended mind: yes
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	122
Reject	300	203

n: 694

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	57	88
Reject	106	430

n: 681

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Free will: compatibilism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	122	138
Reject	446	193

n: 899

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Consciousness: dualism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	74
Reject	179	444

n: 703

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Properties: transcendent universals
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	78	102
Reject	51	322

n: 553

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Abortion: permissible
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	89	3
Reject	590	137

n: 819

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Consciousness: dualism
Morality: naturalist realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	45	199
Reject	142	318

n: 704

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Well-being: desire satisfaction
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	106
Reject	91	450

n: 691

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Hard problem of consciousness: yes
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	176	35
Reject	313	217

n: 741

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Personal identity: psychological view
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	70	148
Reject	295	238

n: 751

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	30
Reject	122	324

n: 504

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	16
Reject	136	338

n: 502

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Normative ethics: deontology
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	143	100
Reject	183	416

n: 842

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	God: theism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	94
Reject	189	610

n: 902

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Well-being: objective list
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	25
Reject	407	242

n: 687

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	True contradictions: actual
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	31	109
Reject	55	492

n: 687

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	9
Reject	395	336

n: 773

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Laws of nature: Humean
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	96
Reject	173	472

n: 822

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Aesthetic value: objective
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	67	106
Reject	366	290

n: 829

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Truth: epistemic
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	143
Reject	50	602

n: 830

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Free will: compatibilism
Morality: expressivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	80	18
Reject	492	312

n: 902

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Truth: deflationary
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	37	205
Reject	190	395

n: 827

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Zombies: metaphysically possible
Morality: naturalist realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	231
Reject	177	342

n: 810

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Morality: error theory	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	19
Reject	227	248

n: 503

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Abortion: permissible
Morality: constructivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	177	12
Reject	500	129

n: 818

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Knowledge claims: contextualism
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	90	131
Reject	335	216

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Experience machine: yes
Morality: non-naturalism	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	234
Reject	103	512

n: 863

p < 0.0001

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.23	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	55	212
Reject	41	628

n: 936

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Philosopher: Moore
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	24	175
Reject	7	512

n: 718

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Philosopher: Kant
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	45	131
Reject	56	491

n: 723

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Philosopher: Leibniz
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	21	178
Reject	5	514

n: 718

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Philosopher: Hume
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	7	192
Reject	114	405

n: 718

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Philosopher: Hume
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	31	56
Reject	93	540

n: 720

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	6	204
Reject	91	639

n: 940

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Philosopher: Hume
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	17	25
Reject	105	570

n: 717

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	AOS: Metaphysics
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	25	185
Reject	205	525

n: 940

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Philosopher: Aristotle
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	70	166
Reject	76	413

n: 725

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Gender: male
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	152	55
Reject	632	94

n: 933

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	59	151
Reject	92	638

n: 940

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Gender: female
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	54	153
Reject	92	634

n: 933

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Other demographics: YOB
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	136	114
Reject	296	331

n: 877

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Tradition: Analytic
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	161	46
Reject	652	68

n: 927

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Philosopher: Descartes
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	19	180
Reject	13	506

n: 718

p: 0.0002

r: 0.13	Region of nationality: Europe
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	35	70
Reject	128	662

n: 895

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Region of PhD: Oceania
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	8	32
Reject	28	621

n: 689

p: 0.0006

r: -0.13	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	7	260
Reject	80	589

n: 936

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	AOS: Metaphysics
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	91	176
Reject	139	530

n: 936

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Tradition: Continental
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	18	189
Reject	19	701

n: 927

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Beauvoir
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	8	168
Reject	3	544

n: 723

p: 0.0005

r: 0.13	AOS: Philosophy of Language
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	30	78
Reject	141	690

n: 939

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Philosopher: Aristotle
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	8	79
Reject	135	498

n: 720

p: 0.0009

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Foucault
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	10	166
Reject	3	544

n: 723

p: 0.0009

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Plato
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	20	179
Reject	23	496

n: 718

p: 0.0011

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Aquinas
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	20	179
Reject	18	501

n: 718

p: 0.0015

r: 0.12	Region of PhD: Europe
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	21	142
Reject	35	493

n: 691

p: 0.0021

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Parfit
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	18	181
Reject	15	504

n: 718

p: 0.002

r: 0.11	Philosopher: Reid
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	13	186
Reject	9	510

n: 718

p: 0.002

r: 0.11	Region of PhD: United States
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	160	42
Reject	330	156

n: 688

p: 0.0032

r: 0.11	Region of affiliation: Oceania
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	29	293
Reject	19	606

n: 947

p: 0.0007

r: -0.11	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	7	101
Reject	90	741

n: 939

p: 0.0008

r: -0.1	Region of PhD: United States
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	103	60
Reject	388	140

n: 691

p: 0.0071

r: 0.1	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	27	292
Reject	26	597

n: 942

p: 0.0017

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Quine
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	9	190
Reject	60	459

n: 718

p: 0.0062

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Du Bois
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	6	170
Reject	4	543

n: 723

p: 0.0062

r: 0.1	Region of affiliation: Europe
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	25	80
Reject	107	732

n: 944

p: 0.0018

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Aristotle
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	5	37
Reject	137	538

n: 717

p: 0.0071

r: 0.1	Region of nationality: Oceania
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	8	45
Reject	43	796

n: 892

p: 0.0027

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Arendt
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	5	171
Reject	3	544

n: 723

p: 0.0076

r: 0.1	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	39	280
Reject	48	575

n: 942

p: 0.0023

r: -0.1	AOS: Normative Ethics
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	8	44
Reject	215	669

n: 936

p: 0.0025

r: -0.1	Region of PhD: Europe
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	10	223
Reject	46	415

n: 694

p: 0.0093

r: -0.1	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	38	281
Reject	113	510

n: 942

p: 0.0028

r: 0.1	Region of nationality: Oceania
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	29	274
Reject	23	572

n: 898

p: 0.0039

r: 0.1	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	13	197
Reject	13	717

n: 940

p: 0.0035

r: 0.09	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	15	195
Reject	20	710

n: 940

p: 0.0038

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Kierkegaard
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	5	194
Reject	4	515

n: 718

p: 0.0116

r: -0.09	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	28	182
Reject	123	607

n: 940

p: 0.0039

r: -0.09	Region of nationality: Europe
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	37	266
Reject	126	469

n: 898

p: 0.0051

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Peirce
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	5	82
Reject	8	625

n: 720

p: 0.0132

r: -0.09	AOS: Epistemology
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	32	178
Reject	213	517

n: 940

p: 0.0047

r: 0.09	AOS: Applied Ethics
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	43	167
Reject	86	644

n: 940

p: 0.0055

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Rawls
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	16	160
Reject	25	522

n: 723

p: 0.0151

r: 0.09	AOS: Philosophy of Language
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	15	37
Reject	156	728

n: 936

p: 0.006

r: -0.09	AOS: Normative Ethics
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	20	88
Reject	202	629

n: 939

p: 0.0066

r: -0.09	Region of nationality: United States
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	47	58
Reject	452	338

n: 895

p: 0.0085

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Carnap
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	9	78
Reject	34	599

n: 720

p: 0.0186

r: 0.09	AOS: Epistemology
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	83	184
Reject	160	509

n: 936

p: 0.0082

r: 0.09	AOS: General Philosophy of Science
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	42	277
Reject	58	565

n: 942

p: 0.0082

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Husserl
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	7	192
Reject	6	513

n: 718

p: 0.0222

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Mill
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	10	189
Reject	39	480

n: 718

p: 0.0235

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Physical Science
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	5	47
Reject	27	857

n: 936

p: 0.0098

r: 0.08	Gender: male
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	101	6
Reject	683	142

n: 932

p: 0.0111

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Davidson
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	7	80
Reject	18	615

n: 720

p: 0.0264

r: 0.08	AOS: 20th Century Philosophy
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	11	97
Reject	50	781

n: 939

p: 0.0115

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Mind
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	79	240
Reject	111	512

n: 942

p: 0.0124

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Plato
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	5	171
Reject	38	509

n: 723

p: 0.0287

r: -0.08	Gender: female
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	6	101
Reject	139	686

n: 932

p: 0.0134

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Augustine
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	9	190
Reject	8	511

n: 718

p: 0.0304

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Socrates
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	14	222
Reject	15	474

n: 725

p: 0.0297

r: -0.08	Region of nationality: United Kingdom
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	12	188
Reject	73	623

n: 896

p: 0.0162

r: 0.08	Region of affiliation: United States
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	178	92
Reject	385	286

n: 941

p: 0.0146

r: -0.08	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	5	314
Reject	30	593

n: 942

p: 0.0158

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	13	74
Reject	52	581

n: 720

p: 0.0359

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Descartes
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	5	231
Reject	26	463

n: 725

p: 0.0369

r: 0.08	Tradition: Other tradition
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	28	179
Reject	49	671

n: 927

p: 0.0189

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Russell
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	23	213
Reject	29	460

n: 725

p: 0.0402

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Carnap
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	5	194
Reject	38	481

n: 718

p: 0.0413

r: 0.08	Region of PhD: Europe
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	11	69
Reject	45	565

n: 690

p: 0.0462

r: -0.08	Region of affiliation: Europe
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	34	288
Reject	98	527

n: 947

p: 0.0204

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Popper
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	6	230
Reject	3	486

n: 725

p: 0.0426

r: -0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	28	291
Reject	69	554

n: 942

p: 0.0208

r: -0.07	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	12	40
Reject	139	745

n: 936

p: 0.0218

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Quine
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	7	35
Reject	62	613

n: 717

p: 0.0461

r: 0.07	Region of nationality: Asia
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	9	246
Reject	15	622

n: 892

p: 0.0268

r: 0.07	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	60	207
Reject	90	579

n: 936

p: 0.0235

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Hobbes
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	6	170
Reject	7	540

n: 723

p: 0.0485

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Dewey
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	10	226
Reject	12	477

n: 725

p: 0.0499

r: -0.07	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	5	205
Reject	29	701

n: 940

p: 0.0277

r: -0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Action
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	5	103
Reject	64	767

n: 939

p: 0.0294

r: -0.07	Gender: female
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	30	236
Reject	115	548

n: 929

p: 0.0313

r: 0.07	Region of affiliation: Europe
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	35	174
Reject	97	639

n: 945

p: 0.0335

r: 0.07	Region of nationality: United States
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	154	101
Reject	344	293

n: 892

p: 0.0402

r: 0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Computing and Information
Morality: naturalist realism	Yes	No
Accept	9	310
Reject	6	617

n: 942

p: 0.0353

r: 0.07	AOS: Decision Theory
Morality: expressivism	Yes	No
Accept	6	102
Reject	29	802

n: 939

p: 0.0382

r: -0.07	Region of nationality: United States
Morality: error theory	Yes	No
Accept	24	29
Reject	474	365

n: 892

p: 0.0452

r: -0.07	Region of affiliation: Canada
Morality: non-naturalism	Yes	No
Accept	9	261
Reject	43	628

n: 941

p: 0.041

r: -0.07	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Morality: constructivism	Yes	No
Accept	7	203
Reject	46	684

n: 940

p: 0.0414