Survey Results

Arguments for theism (which argument is strongest?): design, cosmological, moral, ontological, or pragmatic?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1025 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
cosmological

20.88% (16.59%)

Reject or lean against:
cosmological

14.34% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
design

17.66% (13.85%)

Reject or lean against:
design

14.83% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
ontological

8.88% (6.83%)

Reject or lean against:
ontological

16.00% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic

14.24% (11.61%)

Reject or lean against:
pragmatic

14.63% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
moral

9.37% (6.34%)

Reject or lean against:
moral

14.54% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

19.61%

Accept an alternative view

7.61%

The question is too unclear to answer

1.66%

There is no fact of the matter

5.46%

Agnostic/undecided

8.10%

Other

2.34%

N = 1025, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (113 respondents)

Most popular option combinations

Options	Number of responses	% of responses
Accept or lean towards: cosmological Accept or lean towards: design	9	0.88%
Accept or lean towards: cosmological Accept or lean towards: design Accept or lean towards: ontological Accept or lean towards: pragmatic Accept or lean towards: moral	7	0.68%
Accept or lean towards: cosmological Accept or lean towards: design Accept or lean towards: pragmatic Accept or lean towards: moral	5	0.49%
Accept or lean towards: cosmological Accept or lean towards: design Accept or lean towards: moral	4	0.39%
Accept or lean towards: pragmatic	3	0.29%

Alternative Views

107 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

NONE (32): none (32)
EQUA (12): equally (12)
STRO (12): strongest (7) strong (4) stronger (1)
EXPE (7): experience (6) experiential (1)
RELI (6): religious (6)
ATHE (5): atheism (4) atheist (1)
WEAK (5): weak (5)
TERR (3): terrible (3)
TRAN (2): transcendental (2)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

This question was not in the 2009 survey

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.33	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	95
Reject	53	339

n: 556

p < 0.0001

r: -0.29	Abortion: permissible
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	111	68
Reject	468	70

n: 717

p < 0.0001

r: 0.29	God: theism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	92	111
Reject	111	479

n: 793

p < 0.0001

r: 0.28	God: theism
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	35
Reject	146	553

n: 788

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Mind: physicalism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	75	123
Reject	343	220

n: 761

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	90	85
Reject	155	305

n: 635

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	64	103
Reject	300	212

n: 679

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	85
Reject	70	349

n: 556

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Mind: physicalism
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	17	65
Reject	397	276

n: 755

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Other minds: future AI systems
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	57
Reject	268	353

n: 694

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	37
Reject	429	160

n: 660

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Truth: correspondence
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	136	48
Reject	308	234

n: 726

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Meaning of life: objective
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	106	71
Reject	204	306

n: 687

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Free will: libertarianism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	78	128
Reject	107	488

n: 801

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Truth: deflationary
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	150
Reject	158	384

n: 725

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Interlevel metaphysics: grounding
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	64	59
Reject	107	228

n: 458

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Practical reason: Humean
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	5	63
Reject	170	313

n: 551

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	41	54
Reject	105	394

n: 594

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	31	33
Reject	88	398

n: 550

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Consciousness: dualism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	67	100
Reject	105	346

n: 618

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Hard problem of consciousness: yes
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	120	29
Reject	315	185

n: 649

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Personal identity: further-fact view
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	49
Reject	105	471

n: 654

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Abortion: permissible
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	37
Reject	532	98

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Immortality: yes
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	128	56
Reject	244	276

n: 704

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	159	42
Reject	392	196

n: 789

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Units of selection: genes
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	29
Reject	194	160

n: 397

p: 0.0004

r: -0.18	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	58
Reject	339	256

n: 675

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Other minds: plants
Arguments for theism: ontological	Accept	Reject
Accept	10	69
Reject	37	574

n: 690

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Consciousness: dualism
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	32	28
Reject	138	415

n: 613

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Time: A-theory
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	66	81
Reject	105	274

n: 526

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Practical reason: Aristotelian
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	66
Reject	156	248

n: 552

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	118	50
Reject	318	316

n: 802

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Trolley problem: switch
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	47	29
Reject	505	137

n: 718

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Practical reason: Humean
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	37	112
Reject	141	263

n: 553

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Meaning of life: objective
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	28
Reject	247	347

n: 682

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Consciousness: dualism
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	55	92
Reject	117	354

n: 618

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	58	43
Reject	333	146

n: 580

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	97
Reject	192	366

n: 673

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Properties: transcendent universals
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	37	80
Reject	83	287

n: 487

p: 0.0004

r: -0.16	Meaning of life: nonexistent
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	152
Reject	113	392

n: 679

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Morality: expressivism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	155
Reject	58	438

n: 669

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	46
Reject	140	198

n: 457

p: 0.0007

r: 0.16	Hard problem of consciousness: yes
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	128	43
Reject	307	171

n: 649

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Knowledge claims: contextualism
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	35
Reject	292	267

n: 676

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Law: legal positivism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	73
Reject	129	178

n: 419

p: 0.0012

r: 0.16	Principle of sufficient reason: true
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	29
Reject	205	356

n: 629

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Consciousness: functionalism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	48	118
Reject	181	270

n: 617

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	166	32
Reject	424	149

n: 771

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	94
Reject	111	226

n: 455

p: 0.001

r: 0.15	Belief or credence: belief
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	25
Reject	141	300

n: 495

p: 0.0006

r: -0.15	Free will: compatibilism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	104	102
Reject	391	205

n: 802

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Aesthetic value: objective
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	72
Reject	258	282

n: 733

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Quantum mechanics: many-worlds
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	87
Reject	61	205

n: 368

p: 0.0036

r: 0.15	Well-being: objective list
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	114	46
Reject	250	186

n: 596

p: 0.0002

r: 0.15	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	75
Reject	130	318

n: 582

p: 0.0003

r: -0.15	Chinese room: understands
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	153
Reject	104	367

n: 646

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	139	37
Reject	414	211

n: 801

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: brute fact
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	50
Reject	132	326

n: 544

p: 0.0004

r: 0.15	Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism
Arguments for theism: ontological	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	38
Reject	51	282

n: 380

p: 0.0035

r: 0.15	Truth: correspondence
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	113	41
Reject	331	241

n: 726

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Knowledge: empiricism
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	34
Reject	272	253

n: 641

p: 0.0002

r: -0.15	Footbridge: push
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	70
Reject	184	479

n: 740

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: brute fact
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	136
Reject	142	248

n: 555

p: 0.0005

r: -0.15	Other minds: newborn babies
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	93	21
Reject	517	58

n: 689

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	126	71
Reject	308	296

n: 801

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Response to external-world skepticism: dogmatist
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	110
Reject	65	390

n: 598

p: 0.0004

r: -0.14	Laws of nature: Humean
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	140
Reject	178	373

n: 735

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Well-being: desire satisfaction
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	64
Reject	90	405

n: 587

p: 0.0005

r: 0.14	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	42
Reject	209	307

n: 639

p: 0.0003

r: 0.14	Hume: skeptic
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	72	70
Reject	155	267

n: 564

p: 0.0007

r: -0.14	Causation: counterfactual/difference-making
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	41	101
Reject	181	241

n: 564

p: 0.0007

r: 0.14	Free will: libertarianism
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	40	49
Reject	144	563

n: 796

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Belief or credence: neither
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	58
Reject	80	328

n: 488

p: 0.0018

r: -0.14	Material composition: universalism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	32	76
Reject	95	163

n: 366

p: 0.0071

r: 0.14	Properties: transcendent universals
Arguments for theism: ontological	Accept	Reject
Accept	26	39
Reject	93	323

n: 481

p: 0.002

r: 0.14	Gender categories: preserve
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	83
Reject	107	379

n: 611

p: 0.0005

r: 0.14	Practical reason: Humean
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	60
Reject	133	312

n: 547

p: 0.0011

r: -0.14	Temporal ontology: eternalism
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	20	30
Reject	198	238

n: 486

p: 0.0021

r: -0.14	Sleeping beauty: one-third
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	32
Reject	80	158

n: 284

p: 0.0201

r: 0.14	Truth: epistemic
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	102
Reject	49	541

n: 715

p: 0.0002

r: -0.14	Well-being: desire satisfaction
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	139
Reject	99	338

n: 597

p: 0.0008

r: 0.14	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	46
Reject	102	269

n: 446

p: 0.0038

r: -0.13	Human genetic engineering: permissible
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	105	60
Reject	360	138

n: 663

p: 0.0006

r: 0.13	Possible worlds: abstract
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	114	41
Reject	286	229

n: 670

p: 0.0005

r: -0.13	Knowledge: empiricism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	89
Reject	282	205

n: 649

p: 0.0007

r: 0.13	Possible worlds: concrete
Arguments for theism: ontological	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	71
Reject	30	553

n: 661

p: 0.0007

r: 0.13	Values in science: necessarily value-free
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	32	104
Reject	83	429

n: 648

p: 0.0007

r: 0.13	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	160	41
Reject	393	207

n: 801

p: 0.0002

r: 0.13	Morality: constructivism
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	32	72
Reject	109	450

n: 663

p: 0.0007

r: -0.13	Cosmological fine-tuning: no fine-tuning
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	32	133
Reject	98	293

n: 556

p: 0.0018

r: 0.13	Consciousness: panpsychism
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	84
Reject	43	469

n: 609

p: 0.0012

r: -0.13	Truth: deflationary
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	127
Reject	164	407

n: 725

p: 0.0004

r: -0.13	Other minds: future AI systems
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	58	119
Reject	228	291

n: 696

p: 0.0006

r: 0.13	Temporal ontology: presentism
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	104
Reject	68	282

n: 490

p: 0.0039

r: -0.13	Values in science: necessarily value-free
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	114
Reject	104	412

n: 639

p: 0.0013

r: 0.13	Concepts: nativism
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	59
Reject	130	274

n: 512

p: 0.004

r: -0.13	Cosmological fine-tuning: no fine-tuning
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	55
Reject	121	365

n: 550

p: 0.0031

r: 0.13	Propositions: simple entities
Arguments for theism: design	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	103
Reject	28	354

n: 501

p: 0.005

r: 0.13	Perceptual experience: sense-datum theory
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	8	51
Reject	24	499

n: 582

p: 0.0025

r: -0.12	Belief or credence: credence
Arguments for theism: moral	Accept	Reject
Accept	10	44
Reject	157	284

n: 495

p: 0.0055

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.35	Philosopher: Aquinas
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Yes	No
Accept	33	137
Reject	8	475

n: 653

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	AOS: Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Yes	No
Accept	21	189
Reject	11	614

n: 835

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Philosopher: Augustine
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	8	70
Reject	9	561

n: 648

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Philosopher: Dewey
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	12	104
Reject	5	524

n: 645

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Philosopher: Lewis
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	30	100
Reject	41	480

n: 651

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Philosopher: James
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	14	102
Reject	11	518

n: 645

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Philosopher: Augustine
Arguments for theism: ontological	Yes	No
Accept	7	66
Reject	10	563

n: 646

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	AOS: Metaphysics
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	20	123
Reject	184	497

n: 824

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Philosopher: Aristotle
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Yes	No
Accept	50	120
Reject	85	398

n: 653

p: 0.0003

r: 0.13	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Yes	No
Accept	44	166
Reject	58	567

n: 835

p: 0.0002

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Kierkegaard
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	5	73
Reject	6	564

n: 648

p: 0.0011

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Leibniz
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Yes	No
Accept	14	156
Reject	10	473

n: 653

p: 0.0019

r: 0.12	AOS: Metaphysics
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	71	107
Reject	140	517

n: 835

p: 0.0006

r: 0.12	Gender: female
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	30	111
Reject	99	575

n: 815

p: 0.0009

r: -0.11	Gender: male
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	111	30
Reject	572	102

n: 815

p: 0.0016

r: 0.11	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	38	140
Reject	64	593

n: 835

p: 0.0018

r: 0.11	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	15	128
Reject	28	653

n: 824

p: 0.0023

r: 0.11	Philosopher: Plato
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	11	67
Reject	32	538

n: 648

p: 0.0069

r: -0.11	Tradition: Analytic
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	109	33
Reject	604	72

n: 818

p: 0.0026

r: -0.1	AOS: Philosophy of Language
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Yes	No
Accept	26	184
Reject	120	505

n: 835

p: 0.0056

r: 0.09	Other demographics: YOB
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	95	76
Reject	294	320

n: 785

p: 0.008

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Descartes
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	10	120
Reject	18	503

n: 651

p: 0.0163

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	13	65
Reject	46	524

n: 648

p: 0.0167

r: 0.09	Tradition: Other tradition
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	24	118
Reject	45	631

n: 818

p: 0.0072

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Peirce
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	6	110
Reject	7	522

n: 645

p: 0.018

r: 0.09	Tradition: Analytic
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	166	11
Reject	558	94

n: 829

p: 0.0079

r: 0.09	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	31	112
Reject	86	595

n: 824

p: 0.009

r: -0.09	Region of nationality: United States
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	49	43
Reject	401	291

n: 784

p: 0.0118

r: -0.09	Tradition: Analytic
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	74	20
Reject	645	85

n: 824

p: 0.01

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Kant
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	16	62
Reject	77	493

n: 648

p: 0.0239

r: -0.09	Tradition: Other tradition
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	6	171
Reject	63	589

n: 829

p: 0.0134

r: -0.09	Region of affiliation: Oceania
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Yes	No
Accept	6	206
Reject	42	584

n: 838

p: 0.0137

r: 0.08	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	9	86
Reject	34	701

n: 830

p: 0.0145

r: 0.08	AOS: General Philosophy of Science
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	22	121
Reject	67	614

n: 824

p: 0.0174

r: -0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Language
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	15	128
Reject	130	551

n: 824

p: 0.0176

r: 0.08	Region of nationality: Oceania
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	17	156
Reject	28	587

n: 788

p: 0.0254

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Socrates
Arguments for theism: ontological	Yes	No
Accept	8	65
Reject	22	551

n: 646

p: 0.0442

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	18	125
Reject	50	631

n: 824

p: 0.0235

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Mathematics
Arguments for theism: ontological	Yes	No
Accept	6	83
Reject	14	723

n: 826

p: 0.0237

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Arguments for theism: cosmological	Yes	No
Accept	9	161
Reject	50	433

n: 653

p: 0.0451

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Social Science
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	10	133
Reject	27	654

n: 824

p: 0.0252

r: 0.08	Region of nationality: Europe
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	21	71
Reject	115	577

n: 784

p: 0.0292

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Reid
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	8	122
Reject	11	510

n: 651

p: 0.048

r: -0.08	AOS: Epistemology
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	27	116
Reject	195	486

n: 824

p: 0.0265

r: 0.08	AOS: Epistemology
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	63	115
Reject	162	495

n: 835

p: 0.0261

r: -0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	6	172
Reject	62	595

n: 835

p: 0.0296

r: -0.07	Region of nationality: United Kingdom
Arguments for theism: pragmatic	Yes	No
Accept	7	131
Reject	62	578

n: 778

p: 0.04

r: -0.07	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	5	173
Reject	44	613

n: 835

p: 0.0335

r: 0.07	Tradition: Other tradition
Arguments for theism: ontological	Yes	No
Accept	15	75
Reject	54	676

n: 820

p: 0.038

r: 0.07	AOS: Decision Theory
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	11	167
Reject	16	641

n: 835

p: 0.0375

r: 0.07	AOS: Meta-Ethics
Arguments for theism: design	Yes	No
Accept	33	145
Reject	87	570

n: 835

p: 0.0426

r: 0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Mathematics
Arguments for theism: moral	Yes	No
Accept	5	90
Reject	15	720

n: 830

p: 0.0469