Survey Results

External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1764 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
idealism

6.63% (5.44%)

Reject or lean against:
idealism

0.34% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
skepticism

5.44% (4.76%)

Reject or lean against:
skepticism

0.85% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
non-skeptical realism

79.54% (78.17%)

Reject or lean against:
non-skeptical realism

0.23% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

1.87%

Accept an alternative view

3.34%

The question is too unclear to answer

2.38%

There is no fact of the matter

1.02%

Agnostic/undecided

2.66%

Other

0.34%

N = 1764, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (21 respondents)

Most popular option combinations

Options	Number of responses	% of responses
Accept or lean towards: idealism Accept or lean towards: non-skeptical realism	13	0.74%
Accept or lean towards: idealism Accept or lean towards: skepticism	6	0.34%
Accept or lean towards: non-skeptical realism	5	0.28%
Accept or lean towards: skepticism Accept or lean towards: non-skeptical realism	3	0.17%
Accept or lean towards: idealism Accept or lean towards: skepticism Accept or lean towards: non-skeptical realism	2	0.11%

Alternative Views

81 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

TRAN (15): transcendental (11) transcendentally (2) transcendenal (1) transcendentalism (1)
PRAG (13): pragmatism (9) pragmatic (2) pragmatist (1) pragmatistic (1)
PHEN (6): phenomenology (3) phenomenological (2) phenomenalism (1)
EMPI (6): empirical (4) empiricism (1) empirically (1)
KANT (5): kantian (4) kantianism (1)
HEID (5): heideggerian (3) heidegger (2)
NATU (4): naturalism (2) nature (1) naturalistic (1)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

Comparison type

AOS

Geographic filters do not apply to this section.

Option

2009

2020

Change

Swing

Option

Accept or lean towards: idealism

4.3%

4.01%

0.29

-0.53

2009	4.3%
2020	4.01%
Change	0.29
Swing	-0.53

Accept or lean towards: skepticism

4.83%

4.32%

0.51

-0.76

2009	4.83%
2020	4.32%
Change	0.51
Swing	-0.76

Accept or lean towards: non-skeptical realism

81.63%

83.18%

1.55

1.30

2009	81.63%
2020	83.18%
Change	1.55
Swing	1.30

Accept a combination of views

3.11%

1.23%

1.88

2009	3.11%
2020	1.23%
Change	1.88

Accept an alternative view

2.58%

2.01%

0.57

2009	2.58%
2020	2.01%
Change	0.57

The question is too unclear to answer

1.5%

1.85%

0.35

2009	1.5%
2020	1.85%
Change	0.35

There is no fact of the matter

0.54%

0.62%

0.08

2009	0.54%
2020	0.62%
Change	0.08

Insufficiently familiar with the issue

0.62%

0.62

2009	0%
2020	0.62%
Change	0.62

Agnostic/undecided

0.43%

2.01%

1.58

2009	0.43%
2020	2.01%
Change	1.58

Skipped

0.64%

0.64

2009	0.64%
2020	0%
Change	0.64

Other

0.43%

0.15%

0.28

2009	0.43%
2020	0.15%
Change	0.28

N (2020) = 648
N (2009) = 931

Weighted values

Option	2009	2020	Change
Idealism	10.73	10.39	0.34
Skepticism	11.11	10.77	0.34
Non-skeptical realism	81.79	78.97	2.82

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.36	Science: scientific realism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	1087	186
Reject	100	101

n: 1474

p < 0.0001

r: -0.35	Metaontology: anti-realism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	45	470
Reject	28	57

n: 600

p < 0.0001

r: 0.33	Metaontology: anti-realism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	20
Reject	57	507

n: 600

p < 0.0001

r: -0.31	Science: scientific realism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	51	52
Reject	1138	236

n: 1477

p < 0.0001

r: -0.3	Science: scientific realism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	48	38
Reject	1141	249

n: 1476

p < 0.0001

r: 0.29	Metaontology: anti-realism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	28
Reject	61	499

n: 600

p < 0.0001

r: 0.27	Spacetime: relationism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	8
Reject	223	269

n: 536

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	True contradictions: impossible
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	578	153
Reject	55	43

n: 829

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	57	376
Reject	21	46

n: 500

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	True contradictions: actual
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	32
Reject	90	694

n: 830

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Laws of nature: Humean
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	24
Reject	387	905

n: 1368

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	True contradictions: impossible
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	22
Reject	610	174

n: 830

p < 0.0001

r: -0.24	Spacetime: relationism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	211	255
Reject	47	22

n: 535

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	True contradictions: actual
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	79	652
Reject	25	73

n: 829

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Experience machine: yes
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	34	51
Reject	169	1185

n: 1439

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Mental content: internalism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	289	823
Reject	86	85

n: 1283

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Moral judgment: cognitivism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	45	42
Reject	1034	328

n: 1449

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Truth: epistemic
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	20	73
Reject	126	1182

n: 1401

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Moral judgment: cognitivism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	963	282
Reject	116	87

n: 1448

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	244	274
Reject	25	60

n: 603

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	True contradictions: impossible
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	20
Reject	607	176

n: 830

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Meta-ethics: moral realism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	47
Reject	977	431

n: 1494

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	11	21
Reject	67	402

n: 501

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	11	22
Reject	67	401

n: 501

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Mental content: internalism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	29
Reject	327	879

n: 1284

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Laws of nature: Humean
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	348	832
Reject	91	97

n: 1368

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Free will: no free will
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	58
Reject	156	1295

n: 1537

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Material composition: nihilism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	17
Reject	37	402

n: 463

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Material composition: nihilism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	373
Reject	10	45

n: 463

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Truth: epistemic
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	109	1100
Reject	36	152

n: 1397

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Propositional attitudes: phenomenal
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	36
Reject	41	596

n: 682

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Truth: epistemic
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	17	68
Reject	129	1186

n: 1400

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Truth: correspondence
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	751	461
Reject	72	116

n: 1400

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Experience machine: yes
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	152	1085
Reject	50	149

n: 1436

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Meta-ethics: moral realism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	909	383
Reject	106	96

n: 1494

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Perceptual experience: sense-datum theory
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	891
Reject	17	131

n: 1083

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	218	314
Reject	18	63

n: 613

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Practical reason: Humean
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	21
Reject	223	484

n: 757

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Morality: error theory
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	45
Reject	41	811

n: 906

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	True contradictions: actual
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	35
Reject	92	691

n: 830

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Theory of reference: causal
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	34
Reject	386	312

n: 741

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Propositions: acts
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	29
Reject	49	593

n: 683

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Moral motivation: internalism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	445	591
Reject	105	68

n: 1209

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Perceptual experience: sense-datum theory
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	64
Reject	51	961

n: 1085

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Justification: coherentism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	168	521
Reject	42	66

n: 797

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Morality: constructivism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	154	639
Reject	38	75

n: 906

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Meaning of life: objective
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	65
Reject	510	710

n: 1303

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Morality: constructivism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	33
Reject	169	684

n: 909

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	14	26
Reject	255	308

n: 603

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Propositional attitudes: nonexistent
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	5	38
Reject	18	617

n: 678

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Causation: nonexistent
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	35
Reject	25	701

n: 767

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Other minds: particles
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	838
Reject	8	126

n: 981

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Justification: coherentism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	20	31
Reject	190	557

n: 798

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Principle of sufficient reason: true
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	20
Reject	273	505

n: 836

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Aesthetic value: objective
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	58
Reject	677	654

n: 1416

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	10	26
Reject	259	308

n: 603

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Mental content: internalism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	41
Reject	334	868

n: 1286

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Grounds of intentionality: interpretational
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	10	33
Reject	83	487

n: 613

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Consciousness: panpsychism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	43
Reject	53	742

n: 850

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	True contradictions: possible but non-actual
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	35	696
Reject	6	92

n: 829

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Hume: skeptic
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	37	17
Reject	253	450

n: 757

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	30
Reject	169	589

n: 806

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	137	458
Reject	33	54

n: 682

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	35
Reject	174	584

n: 806

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Propositional attitudes: phenomenal
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	546
Reject	14	85

n: 681

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Abstract objects: Platonism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	57
Reject	579	708

n: 1371

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Semantic content: moderate contextualism (intermediate)
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	353	242
Reject	34	53

n: 682

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Perceptual experience: sense-datum theory
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	8	59
Reject	52	965

n: 1084

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Concepts: nativism
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	211	382
Reject	18	81

n: 692

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Philosophical knowledge: none
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	56
Reject	27	878

n: 967

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	36
Reject	230	341

n: 613

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Truth: correspondence
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	60
Reject	791	520

n: 1404

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Continuum hypothesis: determinate
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	162	204
Reject	13	41

n: 420

p: 0.0014

r: 0.16	Response to external-world skepticism: contextualist
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	10	37
Reject	84	664

n: 795

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Free will: no free will
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	143	1184
Reject	40	170

n: 1537

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Theory of reference: causal
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	362	286
Reject	33	59

n: 740

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Other minds: newborn babies
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	10
Reject	809	110

n: 983

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Other minds: newborn babies
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	756	91
Reject	105	29

n: 981

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Causation: nonexistent
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	25	650
Reject	6	85

n: 766

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Philosophical progress: none
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	96
Reject	44	1397

n: 1550

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Well-being: objective list
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	32
Reject	470	294

n: 817

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Moral judgment: cognitivism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	70	31
Reject	1010	339

n: 1450

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Concepts: nativism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	9	39
Reject	220	425

n: 693

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Grounds of intentionality: interpretational
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	457
Reject	20	63

n: 613

p: 0.0002

r: 0.15	Theory of reference: descriptive
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	22
Reject	165	533

n: 741

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Moral motivation: internalism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	33
Reject	500	628

n: 1213

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	157	541
Reject	30	78

n: 806

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Morality: error theory
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	755
Reject	16	99

n: 903

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Other minds: plants
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	57
Reject	59	861

n: 983

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Truth: correspondence
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	47
Reject	785	533

n: 1403

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Mind: physicalism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	25	74
Reject	832	548

n: 1479

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Other minds: cats
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	53	10
Reject	851	69

n: 983

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Philosophical progress: none
External world: non-skeptical realism	Accept	Reject
Accept	37	1295
Reject	20	195

n: 1547

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Aim of philosophy: wisdom
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	59	46
Reject	439	902

n: 1446

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	God: theism
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	46	60
Reject	274	1163

n: 1543

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Other minds: newborn babies
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	11
Reject	811	109

n: 983

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Plato: knowledge only of forms
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	33	9
Reject	280	226

n: 548

p: 0.0009

r: 0.14	Spacetime: relationism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	10
Reject	241	267

n: 536

p: 0.0011

r: 0.14	Moral motivation: internalism
External world: skepticism	Accept	Reject
Accept	53	26
Reject	499	635

n: 1213

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
External world: idealism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	23
Reject	151	490

n: 685

p: 0.0003

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.23	Philosopher: Berkeley
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	9	85
Reject	3	1060

n: 1157

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Tradition: Continental
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	24	90
Reject	59	1401

n: 1574

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Tradition: Analytic
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	72	42
Reject	1293	167

n: 1574

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	24	90
Reject	53	1428

n: 1595

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	AOS: Continental Philosophy
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	19	95
Reject	47	1434

n: 1595

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Tradition: Analytic
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	1200	147
Reject	162	62

n: 1571

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Tradition: Continental
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	53	1294
Reject	30	194

n: 1571

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Gender: female
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	38	78
Reject	288	1191

n: 1595

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Gender: male
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	78	38
Reject	1184	295

n: 1595

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	AOS: Metaphysics
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	9	86
Reject	342	1156

n: 1593

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	51	1315
Reject	26	200

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	AOS: 17th/18th Century Philosophy
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	106	1260
Reject	42	184

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	AOS: Continental Philosophy
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	41	1325
Reject	25	201

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Hume
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	26	50
Reject	182	897

n: 1155

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	AOS: 17th/18th Century Philosophy
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	28	86
Reject	120	1361

n: 1595

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Gender: male
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	1105	262
Reject	155	70

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Gender: female
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	256	1111
Reject	69	156

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Husserl
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	7	87
Reject	19	1044

n: 1157

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Philosopher: Socrates
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	9	67
Reject	37	1042

n: 1155

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	AOS: Metaphysics
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	315	1051
Reject	35	191

n: 1592

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	AOS: Epistemology
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	16	98
Reject	368	1113

n: 1595

p < 0.0001

r: -0.1	Gender: male
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	74	18
Reject	1186	315

n: 1593

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	14	81
Reject	77	1421

n: 1593

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Kant
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	31	63
Reject	139	924

n: 1157

p: 0.0009

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Moore
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	38	944
Reject	1	171

n: 1154

p: 0.001

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Spinoza
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	6	88
Reject	20	1043

n: 1157

p: 0.0015

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Marx
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	9	85
Reject	36	1027

n: 1157

p: 0.0015

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Hegel
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	8	86
Reject	25	1038

n: 1157

p: 0.0016

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Reid
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	32	950
Reject	0	172

n: 1154

p: 0.0016

r: 0.09	Gender: female
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	17	75
Reject	309	1192

n: 1593

p: 0.0002

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Aristotle
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	11	83
Reject	207	856

n: 1157

p: 0.0019

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Aquinas
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	51	931
Reject	2	170

n: 1154

p: 0.002

r: -0.09	Tradition: Analytic
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	75	18
Reject	1290	189

n: 1572

p: 0.0003

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Hegel
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	23	959
Reject	10	162

n: 1154

p: 0.0023

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Nietzsche
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	6	70
Reject	26	1053

n: 1155

p: 0.0024

r: -0.09	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	66	1300
Reject	22	204

n: 1592

p: 0.0004

r: -0.09	AOS: Asian Philosophy
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	19	1347
Reject	10	216

n: 1592

p: 0.0005

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Lewis
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	102	880
Reject	11	161

n: 1154

p: 0.0033

r: -0.09	Tradition: Other tradition
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	94	1253
Reject	32	192

n: 1571

p: 0.0007

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Spinoza
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	18	964
Reject	8	164

n: 1154

p: 0.0037

r: -0.08	Region of PhD: Canada
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	34	936
Reject	12	139

n: 1121

p: 0.0055

r: 0.08	Region of PhD: Canada
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	5	53
Reject	41	1023

n: 1122

p: 0.0057

r: 0.08	AOS: Epistemology
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	343	1023
Reject	40	186

n: 1592

p: 0.0015

r: 0.08	AOS: 17th/18th Century Philosophy
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	16	79
Reject	132	1366

n: 1593

p: 0.0015

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Socrates
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	32	950
Reject	13	159

n: 1154

p: 0.0071

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Peirce
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	5	71
Reject	14	1065

n: 1155

p: 0.0074

r: 0.08	AOS: Feminist Philosophy
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	7	107
Reject	64	1417

n: 1595

p: 0.0021

r: 0.08	AOS: 20th Century Philosophy
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	17	97
Reject	98	1383

n: 1595

p: 0.0021

r: 0.08	AOS: Asian Philosophy
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	7	88
Reject	22	1476

n: 1593

p: 0.0023

r: -0.08	AOS: Metaphysics
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	26	88
Reject	325	1156

n: 1595

p: 0.0024

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Nietzsche
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	21	961
Reject	11	161

n: 1154

p: 0.01

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Husserl
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	17	965
Reject	9	163

n: 1154

p: 0.0109

r: 0.07	Tradition: Other tradition
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	18	96
Reject	108	1352

n: 1574

p: 0.0031

r: 0.07	AOS: Ancient Greek and Roman Philosophy
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	14	100
Reject	77	1404

n: 1595

p: 0.0035

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Nāgārjuna
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	7	975
Reject	4	168

n: 1154

p: 0.0138

r: -0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Language
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	11	103
Reject	253	1228

n: 1595

p: 0.0045

r: 0.07	Region of PhD: Canada
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	7	72
Reject	39	1004

n: 1122

p: 0.0174

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Aristotle
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	11	65
Reject	207	872

n: 1155

p: 0.0174

r: 0.07	AOS: Normative Ethics
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	310	1056
Reject	31	195

n: 1592

p: 0.0067

r: 0.07	Tradition: Continental
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	5	88
Reject	76	1403

n: 1572

p: 0.0075

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Marx
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	34	948
Reject	11	161

n: 1154

p: 0.0223

r: 0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Language
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	235	1131
Reject	29	197

n: 1592

p: 0.008

r: -0.07	AOS: Feminist Philosophy
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	57	1309
Reject	14	212

n: 1592

p: 0.0086

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Aristotle
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	195	787
Reject	23	149

n: 1154

p: 0.0265

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Rorty
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	6	976
Reject	5	167

n: 1154

p: 0.0283

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Frege
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	83	899
Reject	9	163

n: 1154

p: 0.03

r: -0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Language
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	10	85
Reject	254	1244

n: 1593

p: 0.0207

r: 0.06	Tradition: Other tradition
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	13	80
Reject	113	1366

n: 1572

p: 0.0228

r: 0.06	AOS: Continental Philosophy
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	5	90
Reject	59	1439

n: 1593

p: 0.0244

r: -0.06	Region of nationality: Canada
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	91	1204
Reject	25	187

n: 1507

p: 0.0294

r: -0.06	AOS: Meta-Ethics
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	11	103
Reject	206	1275

n: 1595

p: 0.0253

r: 0.06	AOS: Aesthetics
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	9	86
Reject	71	1427

n: 1593

p: 0.0273

r: 0.05	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
External world: skepticism	Yes	No
Accept	6	89
Reject	39	1459

n: 1593

p: 0.0286

r: 0.05	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	121	1245
Reject	13	213

n: 1592

p: 0.0362

r: -0.05	AOS: Normative Ethics
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	13	101
Reject	329	1152

n: 1595

p: 0.038

r: -0.05	AOS: Philosophy of Mind
External world: idealism	Yes	No
Accept	19	95
Reject	308	1173

n: 1595

p: 0.0381

r: -0.05	AOS: Aesthetics
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	64	1302
Reject	15	211

n: 1592

p: 0.0428

r: 0.05	AOS: Meta-Ethics
External world: non-skeptical realism	Yes	No
Accept	194	1172
Reject	23	203

n: 1592

p: 0.0454