Survey Results

Philosophical questions

Normative Ethics

358 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Main questions

A priori knowledge: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
80.46% (80.46%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
11.78% (11.78%)
Other
7.76%
N = 348, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (10 respondents)
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
Accept or lean towards:
Platonism
37.50% (37.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
nominalism
42.11% (42.11%)
Other
20.39%
N = 304, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (54 respondents)
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
Accept or lean towards:
objective
44.96% (41.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
36.60% (33.72%)
Other
24.50%
N = 347, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (11 respondents)
Aim of philosophy (which is most important?): truth/knowledge, understanding, wisdom, happiness, or goodness/justice?
Accept or lean towards:
truth/knowledge
43.79% (13.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
understanding
56.78% (25.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
wisdom
39.55% (11.58%)
Accept or lean towards:
happiness
15.82% (1.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
goodness/justice
31.36% (5.08%)
Other
43.22%
N = 354, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (4 respondents)
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
70.09% (69.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
16.82% (16.82%)
Other
13.71%
N = 321, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (37 respondents)
Eating animals and animal products (is it permissible to eat animals and/or animal products in ordinary circumstances?): omnivorism (yes and yes), vegetarianism (no and yes), or veganism (no and no)?
Accept or lean towards:
omnivorism (yes and yes)
39.22% (38.66%)
Accept or lean towards:
vegetarianism (no and yes)
28.01% (25.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
veganism (no and no)
25.77% (23.53%)
Other
12.61%
N = 357, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
34.82% (30.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
48.56% (45.05%)
Other
23.96%
N = 313, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (45 respondents)
Experience machine (would you enter?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
9.09% (9.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
84.66% (84.66%)
Other
6.25%
N = 352, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
Accept or lean towards:
idealism
3.71% (2.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
skepticism
3.71% (2.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-skeptical realism
88.57% (87.43%)
Other
7.14%
N = 350, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (8 respondents)
Footbridge (pushing man off bridge will save five on track below, what ought one do?): push or don't push?
Accept or lean towards:
push
20.73% (20.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't push
65.27% (64.99%)
Other
14.57%
N = 357, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
Accept or lean towards:
compatibilism
66.29% (64.61%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
19.66% (19.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
no free will
6.18% (5.34%)
Other
10.67%
N = 356, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Gender: biological, psychological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
25.53% (11.55%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological
23.71% (6.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
65.35% (45.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
3.95% (1.52%)
Other
35.26%
N = 329, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (29 respondents)
God: theism or atheism?
Accept or lean towards:
theism
21.91% (21.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
atheism
66.01% (65.73%)
Other
12.92%
N = 356, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
41.57% (33.43%)
Accept or lean towards:
rationalism
39.46% (31.02%)
Other
35.54%
N = 332, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (26 respondents)
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
Accept or lean towards:
contextualism
57.74% (55.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
relativism
1.51% (0.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
invariantism
27.55% (25.66%)
Other
18.49%
N = 265, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (93 respondents)
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
28.77% (28.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-Humean
58.25% (57.54%)
Other
14.04%
N = 285, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (73 respondents)
Logic: classical or non-classical?
Accept or lean towards:
classical
60.36% (57.66%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-classical
17.12% (14.86%)
Other
27.48%
N = 222, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (136 respondents)
Meaning of life: subjective, objective, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
30.92% (23.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective
41.91% (34.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
10.69% (9.25%)
Other
32.66%
N = 346, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
29.10% (26.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
50.00% (47.76%)
Other
25.75%
N = 268, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (90 respondents)
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral realism
69.94% (69.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral anti-realism
19.66% (19.66%)
Other
10.39%
N = 356, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
Accept or lean towards:
naturalism
42.47% (41.78%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
40.41% (39.73%)
Other
18.49%
N = 292, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (66 respondents)
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
Accept or lean towards:
physicalism
49.27% (49.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-physicalism
37.32% (37.32%)
Other
13.41%
N = 343, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (15 respondents)
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
Accept or lean towards:
cognitivism
80.34% (79.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-cognitivism
12.92% (12.08%)
Other
8.43%
N = 356, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
37.69% (35.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
46.29% (43.92%)
Other
20.77%
N = 337, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (21 respondents)
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
Accept or lean towards:
one box
30.53% (29.65%)
Accept or lean towards:
two boxes
41.59% (40.71%)
Other
29.65%
N = 226, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (132 respondents)
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
Accept or lean towards:
deontology
41.06% (22.63%)
Accept or lean towards:
consequentialism
30.17% (19.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
virtue ethics
37.99% (20.95%)
Other
36.59%
N = 358
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
Accept or lean towards:
disjunctivism
14.29% (13.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
qualia theory
19.35% (17.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
representationalism
34.56% (32.72%)
Accept or lean towards:
sense-datum theory
5.99% (5.99%)
Other
29.49%
N = 217, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (141 respondents)
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
Accept or lean towards:
biological view
15.52% (11.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological view
47.46% (42.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
further-fact view
16.12% (14.93%)
Other
30.15%
N = 335, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (23 respondents)
Philosophical methods (which methods are the most useful/important?)
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual analysis
74.64%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual analysis
9.04%
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual engineering
37.03%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual engineering
18.95%
Accept or lean towards:
empirical philosophy
54.81%
Reject or lean against:
empirical philosophy
15.16%
Accept or lean towards:
experimental philosophy
34.99%
Reject or lean against:
experimental philosophy
33.82%
Accept or lean towards:
formal philosophy
48.98%
Reject or lean against:
formal philosophy
12.54%
Accept or lean towards:
intuition-based philosophy
61.22%
Reject or lean against:
intuition-based philosophy
17.78%
Accept or lean towards:
linguistic philosophy
40.82%
Reject or lean against:
linguistic philosophy
19.83%
Other
100.00%
N = 343, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (15 respondents)
Philosophical progress (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
1.68% (1.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
48.46% (47.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
43.42% (43.42%)
Other
7.28%
N = 357, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Political philosophy: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
Accept or lean towards:
communitarianism
22.67% (17.15%)
Accept or lean towards:
egalitarianism
50.29% (44.77%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
9.30% (6.40%)
Other
31.69%
N = 344, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (14 respondents)
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
Accept or lean towards:
Fregean
38.12% (36.63%)
Accept or lean towards:
Millian
30.69% (29.21%)
Other
34.16%
N = 202, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (156 respondents)
Race: biological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
16.56% (7.98%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
69.94% (57.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
12.27% (9.20%)
Other
25.15%
N = 326, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (32 respondents)
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
scientific realism
80.06% (80.06%)
Accept or lean towards:
scientific anti-realism
9.03% (9.03%)
Other
10.90%
N = 321, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (37 respondents)
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
37.58% (37.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
43.33% (43.03%)
Other
19.70%
N = 330, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (28 respondents)
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
Accept or lean towards:
A-theory
31.84% (29.61%)
Accept or lean towards:
B-theory
35.75% (34.08%)
Other
36.31%
N = 179, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (179 respondents)
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
Accept or lean towards:
switch
72.63% (71.23%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't switch
11.17% (10.06%)
Other
18.72%
N = 358
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
correspondence
60.32% (58.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
19.68% (18.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
8.06% (7.42%)
Other
15.81%
N = 310, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (48 respondents)
Vagueness: epistemic, metaphysical, or semantic?
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
25.95% (16.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysical
20.61% (16.03%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic
47.33% (37.02%)
Other
30.15%
N = 262, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (96 respondents)
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
Accept or lean towards:
inconceivable
11.07% (10.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
conceivable but not metaphysically possible
37.13% (36.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
27.04% (26.71%)
Other
26.06%
N = 307, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (51 respondents)

Additional questions

Abortion (first trimester, no special circumstances): permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
82.08% (81.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
12.50% (12.50%)
Other
5.83%
N = 240, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (10 respondents)
Aesthetic experience: perception, pleasure, or sui generis?
Accept or lean towards:
perception
25.00% (20.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
pleasure
18.75% (14.58%)
Accept or lean towards:
sui generis
33.33% (31.94%)
Other
32.64%
N = 144, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (93 respondents)
Analysis of knowledge: justified true belief, other analysis, or no analysis?
Accept or lean towards:
justified true belief
24.06% (24.06%)
Accept or lean towards:
other analysis
37.26% (36.32%)
Accept or lean towards:
no analysis
23.58% (23.11%)
Other
16.51%
N = 212, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (28 respondents)
Arguments for theism (which argument is strongest?): cosmological, design, ontological, pragmatic, or moral?
Accept or lean towards:
cosmological
25.00% (21.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
design
15.45% (13.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
ontological
7.73% (5.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
14.55% (12.73%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral
10.45% (8.18%)
Other
38.64%
N = 220, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (18 respondents)
Belief or credence (which is more fundamental?): belief, credence, or neither?
Accept or lean towards:
belief
26.53% (25.85%)
Accept or lean towards:
credence
36.05% (35.37%)
Accept or lean towards:
neither
17.69% (17.69%)
Other
21.09%
N = 147, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (95 respondents)
Capital punishment: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
19.18% (19.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
71.84% (71.84%)
Other
8.98%
N = 245, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (5 respondents)
Causation: counterfactual/difference-making, process/production, primitive, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
counterfactual/difference-making
40.51% (34.81%)
Accept or lean towards:
process/production
22.78% (17.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
22.15% (19.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
3.16% (2.53%)
Other
25.95%
N = 158, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (82 respondents)
Chinese room: understands or doesn't understand?
Accept or lean towards:
understands
12.56% (12.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
doesn't understand
73.91% (73.91%)
Other
13.53%
N = 207, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (37 respondents)
Concepts: nativism or empiricism?
Accept or lean towards:
nativism
25.97% (22.73%)
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
44.81% (41.56%)
Other
35.71%
N = 154, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (86 respondents)
Consciousness: dualism, eliminativism, functionalism, identity theory, or panpsychism?
Accept or lean towards:
dualism
26.42% (24.87%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminativism
3.11% (2.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
functionalism
33.16% (30.05%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity theory
11.40% (9.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
panpsychism
3.11% (3.11%)
Other
29.53%
N = 193, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (43 respondents)
Continuum hypothesis (does it have a determinate truth-value?): determinate or indeterminate?
Accept or lean towards:
determinate
41.18% (41.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
indeterminate
15.69% (15.69%)
Other
43.14%
N = 51, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (179 respondents)
Cosmological fine-tuning (what explains it?): design, multiverse, brute fact, or no fine-tuning?
Accept or lean towards:
design
17.61% (17.61%)
Accept or lean towards:
multiverse
14.47% (13.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
brute fact
27.04% (27.04%)
Accept or lean towards:
no fine-tuning
20.13% (19.50%)
Other
22.01%
N = 159, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (86 respondents)
Environmental ethics: anthropocentric or non-anthropocentric?
Accept or lean towards:
anthropocentric
46.23% (43.87%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-anthropocentric
50.47% (48.11%)
Other
8.02%
N = 212, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (29 respondents)
Extended mind: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
51.93% (51.93%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
32.60% (32.60%)
Other
15.47%
N = 181, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (63 respondents)
Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism, formalism, logicism, structuralism, or set-theoretic?
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism/intuitionism
14.10% (14.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
formalism
2.56% (2.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
logicism
12.82% (11.54%)
Accept or lean towards:
structuralism
17.95% (16.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
set-theoretic
10.26% (10.26%)
Other
44.87%
N = 78, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (155 respondents)
Gender categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
17.16% (16.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
55.39% (50.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
18.14% (14.71%)
Other
18.63%
N = 204, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (36 respondents)
Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological, inferential, interpretational, phenomenal, or primitive?
Accept or lean towards:
causal/teleological
26.60% (24.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
inferential
7.45% (6.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
interpretational
11.70% (8.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
14.89% (12.77%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
13.83% (11.70%)
Other
36.17%
N = 94, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (139 respondents)
Hard problem of consciousness (is there one?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
72.36% (72.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
18.09% (18.09%)
Other
9.55%
N = 199, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (42 respondents)
Human genetic engineering: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
65.82% (65.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
16.46% (16.46%)
Other
17.72%
N = 237, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (15 respondents)
Hume (what is his view?): skeptic or naturalist?
Accept or lean towards:
skeptic
41.32% (29.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist
55.69% (44.91%)
Other
25.15%
N = 167, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (73 respondents)
Immortality (would you choose it?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
49.80% (49.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
36.36% (36.36%)
Other
13.83%
N = 253, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (4 respondents)
Interlevel metaphysics (which is the most useful?): grounding, identity, realization, or supervenience?
Accept or lean towards:
grounding
32.76% (27.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity
6.90% (5.17%)
Accept or lean towards:
realization
10.34% (6.90%)
Accept or lean towards:
supervenience
22.41% (18.97%)
Other
41.38%
N = 116, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (123 respondents)
Justification: coherentism, infinitism, nonreliabilist foundationalism, or reliabilism?
Accept or lean towards:
coherentism
27.75% (23.04%)
Accept or lean towards:
infinitism
0.52% (0.52%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonreliabilist foundationalism
26.18% (21.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
reliabilism
29.84% (25.13%)
Other
29.84%
N = 191, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (49 respondents)
Kant (what is his view?): one world or two worlds?
Accept or lean towards:
one world
46.10% (45.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
two worlds
31.91% (31.21%)
Other
23.40%
N = 141, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (97 respondents)
Law: legal positivism or legal non-positivism?
Accept or lean towards:
legal positivism
38.95% (37.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
legal non-positivism
48.26% (46.51%)
Other
15.70%
N = 172, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (68 respondents)
Material composition: nihilism, restrictivism, or universalism?
Accept or lean towards:
nihilism
11.63% (10.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
restrictivism
34.88% (34.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
universalism
19.77% (18.60%)
Other
36.05%
N = 86, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (150 respondents)
Metaontology: heavyweight realism, deflationary realism, or anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
heavyweight realism
44.64% (43.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary realism
25.00% (24.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
anti-realism
5.36% (5.36%)
Other
26.79%
N = 112, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (126 respondents)
Method in history of philosophy (which do you prefer?): analytic/rational reconstruction or contextual/historicist?
Accept or lean towards:
analytic/rational reconstruction
68.16% (53.07%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextual/historicist
34.64% (20.11%)
Other
26.82%
N = 179, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (56 respondents)
Method in political philosophy (which do you prefer?): ideal theory or non-ideal theory?
Accept or lean towards:
ideal theory
40.91% (26.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-ideal theory
55.45% (41.36%)
Other
32.27%
N = 220, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (27 respondents)
Mind uploading (brain replaced by digital emulation): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
27.44% (26.98%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
53.95% (53.49%)
Other
19.53%
N = 215, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (18 respondents)
Moral principles: moral generalism or moral particularism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral generalism
69.20% (67.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral particularism
23.63% (21.94%)
Other
10.55%
N = 237, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Morality: non-naturalism, naturalist realism, constructivism, expressivism, or error theory?
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
32.49% (29.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist realism
29.54% (25.32%)
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism
26.58% (21.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
expressivism
8.44% (5.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
error theory
3.38% (2.11%)
Other
16.03%
N = 237, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (8 respondents)
Normative concepts (which is most fundamental?): fit, ought, reasons, or value?
Accept or lean towards:
fit
6.31% (4.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
ought
14.41% (10.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
reasons
30.18% (25.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
value
38.29% (32.88%)
Other
26.13%
N = 222, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (17 respondents)
Other minds (for which groups are some members conscious?)
Accept or lean towards:
adult humans
97.39%
Reject or lean against:
adult humans
0.00%
Accept or lean towards:
cats
90.87%
Reject or lean against:
cats
4.35%
Accept or lean towards:
fish
66.09%
Reject or lean against:
fish
13.91%
Accept or lean towards:
flies
30.43%
Reject or lean against:
flies
41.30%
Accept or lean towards:
worms
20.43%
Reject or lean against:
worms
50.00%
Accept or lean towards:
plants
2.61%
Reject or lean against:
plants
88.70%
Accept or lean towards:
particles
0.43%
Reject or lean against:
particles
94.35%
Accept or lean towards:
newborn babies
84.78%
Reject or lean against:
newborn babies
6.52%
Accept or lean towards:
current AI systems
3.04%
Reject or lean against:
current AI systems
85.22%
Accept or lean towards:
future AI systems
37.39%
Reject or lean against:
future AI systems
24.78%
Other
100.00%
N = 230, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (16 respondents)
Ought implies can: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
65.69% (65.69%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
25.10% (25.10%)
Other
9.21%
N = 239, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (5 respondents)
Philosophical knowledge (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
0.88% (0.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
33.77% (33.77%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
58.77% (58.33%)
Other
7.02%
N = 228, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (19 respondents)
Plato (what is his view?): knowledge only of forms or knowledge also of concrete things?
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge only of forms
45.97% (45.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge also of concrete things
33.06% (33.06%)
Other
20.97%
N = 124, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (117 respondents)
Politics: capitalism or socialism?
Accept or lean towards:
capitalism
34.78% (31.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
socialism
48.70% (45.65%)
Other
22.61%
N = 230, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (7 respondents)
Possible worlds: abstract, concrete, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
abstract
58.33% (56.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
concrete
1.96% (1.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
27.94% (26.47%)
Other
14.71%
N = 204, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (33 respondents)
Practical reason: Aristotelian, Humean, or Kantian?
Accept or lean towards:
Aristotelian
37.67% (32.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
23.72% (21.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
Kantian
26.98% (23.72%)
Other
22.33%
N = 215, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (28 respondents)
Principle of sufficient reason: true or false?
Accept or lean towards:
true
37.36% (36.78%)
Accept or lean towards:
false
41.95% (41.95%)
Other
21.26%
N = 174, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (56 respondents)
Properties: classes, immanent universals, transcendent universals, tropes, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
classes
9.09% (9.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
immanent universals
20.00% (20.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
transcendent universals
20.00% (20.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
tropes
7.27% (7.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
4.55% (4.55%)
Other
39.09%
N = 110, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (121 respondents)
Propositional attitudes: dispositional, phenomenal, representational, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
dispositional
30.08% (26.02%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
8.94% (5.69%)
Accept or lean towards:
representational
42.28% (38.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
2.44% (2.44%)
Other
27.64%
N = 123, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (113 respondents)
Propositions: sets, structured entities, simple entities, acts, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
sets
9.09% (8.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
structured entities
39.09% (36.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
simple entities
8.18% (5.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
acts
9.09% (7.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
9.09% (9.09%)
Other
33.64%
N = 110, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (129 respondents)
Quantum mechanics: collapse, hidden-variables, many-worlds, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
collapse
13.58% (9.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
hidden-variables
14.81% (12.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
many-worlds
24.69% (23.46%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
9.88% (9.88%)
Other
44.44%
N = 81, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (151 respondents)
Race categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
8.67% (8.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
35.20% (33.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
33.16% (31.63%)
Other
26.53%
N = 196, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (53 respondents)
Rational disagreement (can two people with the same evidence rationally disagree?): non-permissivism or permissivism?
Accept or lean towards:
non-permissivism
22.56% (22.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
permissivism
65.64% (65.64%)
Other
11.79%
N = 195, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (38 respondents)
Response to external-world skepticism (which is strongest?): abductive, contextualist, dogmatist, epistemic externalist, semantic externalist, or pragmatic?
Accept or lean towards:
abductive
26.01% (21.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextualist
6.94% (5.20%)
Accept or lean towards:
dogmatist
15.61% (12.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic externalist
15.61% (12.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic externalist
2.31% (1.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
24.28% (19.65%)
Other
27.75%
N = 173, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (65 respondents)
Semantic content (which expressions are context-dependent?): minimalism (no more than a few), moderate contextualism (intermediate), or radical contextualism (most or all) ?
Accept or lean towards:
minimalism (no more than a few)
7.02% (6.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
moderate contextualism (intermediate)
52.63% (50.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
radical contextualism (most or all)
19.30% (17.54%)
Other
25.44%
N = 114, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (122 respondents)
Sleeping beauty (woken once if heads, woken twice if tails, credence in heads on waking?): one-third or one-half?
Accept or lean towards:
one-third
26.25% (26.25%)
Accept or lean towards:
one-half
21.25% (21.25%)
Other
52.50%
N = 80, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (156 respondents)
Spacetime: relationism or substantivalism?
Accept or lean towards:
relationism
47.50% (47.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
substantivalism
16.25% (16.25%)
Other
36.25%
N = 80, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (158 respondents)
Statue and lump: one thing or two things?
Accept or lean towards:
one thing
29.35% (28.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
two things
44.02% (42.93%)
Other
28.80%
N = 184, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (43 respondents)
Temporal ontology: presentism, eternalism, or growing block?
Accept or lean towards:
presentism
14.88% (14.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
eternalism
38.84% (38.02%)
Accept or lean towards:
growing block
19.83% (19.83%)
Other
27.27%
N = 121, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (114 respondents)
Theory of reference: causal, descriptive, or deflationary?
Accept or lean towards:
causal
41.96% (36.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
descriptive
24.48% (18.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
9.79% (9.09%)
Other
35.66%
N = 143, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (86 respondents)
Time travel: metaphysically possible or metaphysically impossible?
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
36.41% (36.41%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically impossible
46.67% (46.67%)
Other
16.92%
N = 195, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (49 respondents)
True contradictions: impossible, possible but non-actual, or actual?
Accept or lean towards:
impossible
77.33% (76.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
possible but non-actual
4.07% (3.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
actual
7.56% (6.98%)
Other
12.79%
N = 172, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (66 respondents)
Units of selection: genes or organisms?
Accept or lean towards:
genes
47.69% (41.54%)
Accept or lean towards:
organisms
36.15% (30.00%)
Other
28.46%
N = 130, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (114 respondents)
Values in science (is ideal scientific reasoning necessarily sensitive or insensitive to non-epistemic values?): necessarily value-free, necessarily value-laden, or can be either?
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-free
15.14% (15.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-laden
49.73% (49.73%)
Accept or lean towards:
can be either
28.65% (28.65%)
Other
6.49%
N = 185, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (37 respondents)
Well-being: hedonism/experientialism, desire satisfaction, or objective list?
Accept or lean towards:
hedonism/experientialism
11.48% (9.02%)
Accept or lean towards:
desire satisfaction
15.16% (12.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective list
63.52% (59.43%)
Other
19.26%
N = 244, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (10 respondents)
Wittgenstein (which do you prefer?): early or late?
Accept or lean towards:
early
18.89% (16.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
late
55.00% (52.78%)
Other
30.56%
N = 180, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (57 respondents)