Survey Results

Philosophical questions

Philosophy of Religion

141 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Main questions

A priori knowledge: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
82.98% (82.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
11.35% (10.64%)
Other
7.09%
N = 141
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
Accept or lean towards:
Platonism
54.41% (52.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
nominalism
32.35% (31.62%)
Other
16.18%
N = 136, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (5 respondents)
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
Accept or lean towards:
objective
67.41% (63.70%)
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
19.26% (16.30%)
Other
20.00%
N = 135, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)
Aim of philosophy (which is most important?): truth/knowledge, understanding, wisdom, happiness, or goodness/justice?
Accept or lean towards:
truth/knowledge
48.23% (17.02%)
Accept or lean towards:
understanding
46.81% (13.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
wisdom
50.35% (19.15%)
Accept or lean towards:
happiness
16.31% (1.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
goodness/justice
27.66% (2.84%)
Other
46.10%
N = 141
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
71.74% (68.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
15.94% (14.49%)
Other
16.67%
N = 138, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (3 respondents)
Eating animals and animal products (is it permissible to eat animals and/or animal products in ordinary circumstances?): omnivorism (yes and yes), vegetarianism (no and yes), or veganism (no and no)?
Accept or lean towards:
omnivorism (yes and yes)
66.43% (65.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
vegetarianism (no and yes)
16.43% (15.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
veganism (no and no)
8.57% (7.86%)
Other
12.14%
N = 140, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
44.44% (38.52%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
46.67% (41.48%)
Other
20.00%
N = 135, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)
Experience machine (would you enter?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
6.20% (6.20%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
86.82% (86.82%)
Other
6.98%
N = 129, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
Accept or lean towards:
idealism
8.51% (6.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
skepticism
2.13% (2.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-skeptical realism
85.82% (82.98%)
Other
8.51%
N = 141
Footbridge (pushing man off bridge will save five on track below, what ought one do?): push or don't push?
Accept or lean towards:
push
10.71% (10.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't push
71.43% (71.43%)
Other
17.86%
N = 140, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
Accept or lean towards:
compatibilism
30.50% (30.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
53.90% (53.90%)
Accept or lean towards:
no free will
6.38% (5.67%)
Other
9.93%
N = 141
Gender: biological, psychological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
46.51% (34.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological
17.83% (3.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
50.39% (34.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
3.88% (3.10%)
Other
24.03%
N = 129, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
God: theism or atheism?
Accept or lean towards:
theism
69.50% (68.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
atheism
19.86% (19.86%)
Other
11.35%
N = 141
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
33.33% (26.81%)
Accept or lean towards:
rationalism
50.72% (42.03%)
Other
31.16%
N = 138, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (3 respondents)
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
Accept or lean towards:
contextualism
46.96% (45.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
relativism
2.61% (1.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
invariantism
40.00% (39.13%)
Other
13.91%
N = 115, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (26 respondents)
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
15.15% (14.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-Humean
78.03% (76.52%)
Other
9.09%
N = 132, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Logic: classical or non-classical?
Accept or lean towards:
classical
75.21% (71.90%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-classical
14.05% (11.57%)
Other
16.53%
N = 121, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (20 respondents)
Meaning of life: subjective, objective, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
17.86% (13.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective
70.00% (65.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
7.86% (6.43%)
Other
14.29%
N = 140, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
40.00% (37.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
45.00% (43.33%)
Other
19.17%
N = 120, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (21 respondents)
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral realism
81.29% (81.29%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral anti-realism
12.23% (12.23%)
Other
6.47%
N = 139, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
Accept or lean towards:
naturalism
19.08% (18.32%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
70.99% (70.23%)
Other
11.45%
N = 131, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (10 respondents)
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
Accept or lean towards:
physicalism
22.86% (22.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-physicalism
62.14% (62.14%)
Other
15.71%
N = 140, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
Accept or lean towards:
cognitivism
86.23% (85.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-cognitivism
9.42% (8.70%)
Other
5.80%
N = 138, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (3 respondents)
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
50.47% (42.06%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
35.51% (27.10%)
Other
30.84%
N = 107, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (34 respondents)
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
Accept or lean towards:
one box
32.43% (31.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
two boxes
36.49% (35.14%)
Other
33.78%
N = 74, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (67 respondents)
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
Accept or lean towards:
deontology
38.30% (23.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
consequentialism
19.15% (9.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
virtue ethics
53.90% (37.59%)
Other
29.79%
N = 141
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
Accept or lean towards:
disjunctivism
14.29% (11.43%)
Accept or lean towards:
qualia theory
20.00% (18.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
representationalism
31.43% (28.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
sense-datum theory
4.76% (2.86%)
Other
39.05%
N = 105, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (36 respondents)
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
Accept or lean towards:
biological view
19.85% (17.65%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological view
26.47% (22.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
further-fact view
32.35% (30.88%)
Other
28.68%
N = 136, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (5 respondents)
Philosophical methods (which methods are the most useful/important?)
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual analysis
79.26%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual analysis
3.70%
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual engineering
31.11%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual engineering
23.70%
Accept or lean towards:
empirical philosophy
48.89%
Reject or lean against:
empirical philosophy
20.74%
Accept or lean towards:
experimental philosophy
26.67%
Reject or lean against:
experimental philosophy
40.00%
Accept or lean towards:
formal philosophy
58.52%
Reject or lean against:
formal philosophy
10.37%
Accept or lean towards:
intuition-based philosophy
66.67%
Reject or lean against:
intuition-based philosophy
16.30%
Accept or lean towards:
linguistic philosophy
49.63%
Reject or lean against:
linguistic philosophy
16.30%
Other
100.00%
N = 135, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)
Philosophical progress (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
4.96% (4.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
56.03% (55.32%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
35.46% (35.46%)
Other
4.26%
N = 141
Political philosophy: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
Accept or lean towards:
communitarianism
37.61% (29.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
egalitarianism
27.35% (22.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
16.24% (13.68%)
Other
34.19%
N = 117, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (24 respondents)
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
Accept or lean towards:
Fregean
38.37% (38.37%)
Accept or lean towards:
Millian
33.72% (33.72%)
Other
27.91%
N = 86, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (55 respondents)
Race: biological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
25.58% (17.05%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
60.47% (51.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
13.18% (10.08%)
Other
20.93%
N = 129, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
scientific realism
83.09% (81.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
scientific anti-realism
9.56% (8.09%)
Other
10.29%
N = 136, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (5 respondents)
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
25.00% (24.19%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
51.61% (50.81%)
Other
25.00%
N = 124, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (17 respondents)
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
Accept or lean towards:
A-theory
44.76% (43.81%)
Accept or lean towards:
B-theory
33.33% (32.38%)
Other
23.81%
N = 105, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (36 respondents)
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
Accept or lean towards:
switch
60.43% (59.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't switch
15.83% (15.11%)
Other
25.18%
N = 139, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
correspondence
76.30% (71.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
14.07% (11.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
7.41% (5.93%)
Other
11.85%
N = 135, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)
Vagueness: epistemic, metaphysical, or semantic?
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
33.05% (23.73%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysical
24.58% (16.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic
41.53% (31.36%)
Other
27.97%
N = 118, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (23 respondents)
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
Accept or lean towards:
inconceivable
10.53% (10.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
conceivable but not metaphysically possible
30.08% (30.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
43.61% (43.61%)
Other
15.79%
N = 133, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (8 respondents)

Additional questions

Abortion (first trimester, no special circumstances): permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
37.74% (36.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
55.66% (55.66%)
Other
7.55%
N = 106, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (4 respondents)
Aesthetic experience: perception, pleasure, or sui generis?
Accept or lean towards:
perception
32.08% (32.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
pleasure
5.66% (5.66%)
Accept or lean towards:
sui generis
35.85% (35.85%)
Other
26.42%
N = 53, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (52 respondents)
Analysis of knowledge: justified true belief, other analysis, or no analysis?
Accept or lean towards:
justified true belief
25.74% (25.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
other analysis
44.55% (44.55%)
Accept or lean towards:
no analysis
20.79% (20.79%)
Other
8.91%
N = 101, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Arguments for theism (which argument is strongest?): cosmological, design, ontological, pragmatic, or moral?
Accept or lean towards:
cosmological
39.64% (22.52%)
Accept or lean towards:
design
34.23% (18.02%)
Accept or lean towards:
ontological
15.32% (7.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
21.62% (9.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral
20.72% (5.41%)
Other
37.84%
N = 111, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Belief or credence (which is more fundamental?): belief, credence, or neither?
Accept or lean towards:
belief
41.03% (41.03%)
Accept or lean towards:
credence
21.79% (21.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
neither
21.79% (21.79%)
Other
15.38%
N = 78, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (26 respondents)
Capital punishment: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
34.31% (34.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
54.90% (54.90%)
Other
10.78%
N = 102, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (4 respondents)
Causation: counterfactual/difference-making, process/production, primitive, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
counterfactual/difference-making
14.29% (11.90%)
Accept or lean towards:
process/production
22.62% (20.24%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
46.43% (45.24%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
3.57% (3.57%)
Other
19.05%
N = 84, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (20 respondents)
Chinese room: understands or doesn't understand?
Accept or lean towards:
understands
3.03% (3.03%)
Accept or lean towards:
doesn't understand
87.88% (87.88%)
Other
9.09%
N = 99, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (8 respondents)
Concepts: nativism or empiricism?
Accept or lean towards:
nativism
39.47% (38.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
43.42% (40.79%)
Other
21.05%
N = 76, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (31 respondents)
Consciousness: dualism, eliminativism, functionalism, identity theory, or panpsychism?
Accept or lean towards:
dualism
52.43% (49.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminativism
0.97% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
functionalism
10.68% (8.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity theory
8.74% (6.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
panpsychism
10.68% (8.74%)
Other
26.21%
N = 103, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (7 respondents)
Continuum hypothesis (does it have a determinate truth-value?): determinate or indeterminate?
Accept or lean towards:
determinate
47.50% (47.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
indeterminate
12.50% (12.50%)
Other
40.00%
N = 40, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (63 respondents)
Cosmological fine-tuning (what explains it?): design, multiverse, brute fact, or no fine-tuning?
Accept or lean towards:
design
69.31% (66.34%)
Accept or lean towards:
multiverse
4.95% (2.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
brute fact
12.87% (10.89%)
Accept or lean towards:
no fine-tuning
10.89% (8.91%)
Other
10.89%
N = 101, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)
Environmental ethics: anthropocentric or non-anthropocentric?
Accept or lean towards:
anthropocentric
48.19% (44.58%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-anthropocentric
44.58% (40.96%)
Other
14.46%
N = 83, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (25 respondents)
Extended mind: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
36.59% (36.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
59.76% (59.76%)
Other
3.66%
N = 82, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (26 respondents)
Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism, formalism, logicism, structuralism, or set-theoretic?
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism/intuitionism
2.33% (2.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
formalism
2.33% (2.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
logicism
13.95% (13.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
structuralism
16.28% (9.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
set-theoretic
23.26% (20.93%)
Other
51.16%
N = 43, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (63 respondents)
Gender categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
45.16% (45.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
33.33% (33.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
8.60% (8.60%)
Other
12.90%
N = 93, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (14 respondents)
Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological, inferential, interpretational, phenomenal, or primitive?
Accept or lean towards:
causal/teleological
29.09% (25.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
inferential
3.64% (3.64%)
Accept or lean towards:
interpretational
9.09% (9.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
10.91% (9.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
30.91% (25.45%)
Other
27.27%
N = 55, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (52 respondents)
Hard problem of consciousness (is there one?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
82.11% (82.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
14.74% (14.74%)
Other
3.16%
N = 95, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (11 respondents)
Human genetic engineering: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
45.92% (45.92%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
34.69% (34.69%)
Other
19.39%
N = 98, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Hume (what is his view?): skeptic or naturalist?
Accept or lean towards:
skeptic
45.68% (39.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist
41.98% (35.80%)
Other
24.69%
N = 81, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (29 respondents)
Immortality (would you choose it?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
76.58% (76.58%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
12.61% (12.61%)
Other
10.81%
N = 111, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Interlevel metaphysics (which is the most useful?): grounding, identity, realization, or supervenience?
Accept or lean towards:
grounding
46.27% (40.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity
13.43% (8.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
realization
8.96% (4.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
supervenience
19.40% (13.43%)
Other
32.84%
N = 67, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (38 respondents)
Justification: coherentism, infinitism, nonreliabilist foundationalism, or reliabilism?
Accept or lean towards:
coherentism
11.88% (8.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
infinitism
0.99% (0.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonreliabilist foundationalism
40.59% (37.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
reliabilism
31.68% (28.71%)
Other
23.76%
N = 101, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (11 respondents)
Kant (what is his view?): one world or two worlds?
Accept or lean towards:
one world
34.33% (34.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
two worlds
46.27% (46.27%)
Other
19.40%
N = 67, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (39 respondents)
Law: legal positivism or legal non-positivism?
Accept or lean towards:
legal positivism
25.53% (25.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
legal non-positivism
59.57% (57.45%)
Other
17.02%
N = 47, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (59 respondents)
Material composition: nihilism, restrictivism, or universalism?
Accept or lean towards:
nihilism
7.35% (7.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
restrictivism
55.88% (55.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
universalism
14.71% (14.71%)
Other
22.06%
N = 68, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (37 respondents)
Metaontology: heavyweight realism, deflationary realism, or anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
heavyweight realism
64.79% (64.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary realism
15.49% (15.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
anti-realism
4.23% (4.23%)
Other
15.49%
N = 71, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (38 respondents)
Method in history of philosophy (which do you prefer?): analytic/rational reconstruction or contextual/historicist?
Accept or lean towards:
analytic/rational reconstruction
70.24% (48.81%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextual/historicist
42.86% (20.24%)
Other
30.95%
N = 84, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (25 respondents)
Method in political philosophy (which do you prefer?): ideal theory or non-ideal theory?
Accept or lean towards:
ideal theory
30.51% (27.12%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-ideal theory
47.46% (45.76%)
Other
27.12%
N = 59, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (46 respondents)
Mind uploading (brain replaced by digital emulation): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
12.12% (12.12%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
72.73% (72.73%)
Other
15.15%
N = 99, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Moral principles: moral generalism or moral particularism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral generalism
52.81% (50.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral particularism
35.96% (33.71%)
Other
15.73%
N = 89, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (18 respondents)
Morality: non-naturalism, naturalist realism, constructivism, expressivism, or error theory?
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
54.46% (52.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist realism
27.72% (24.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism
5.94% (4.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
expressivism
6.93% (5.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
error theory
0.00% (0.00%)
Other
11.88%
N = 101, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
Normative concepts (which is most fundamental?): fit, ought, reasons, or value?
Accept or lean towards:
fit
5.63% (2.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
ought
18.31% (16.90%)
Accept or lean towards:
reasons
15.49% (12.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
value
49.30% (43.66%)
Other
23.94%
N = 71, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (32 respondents)
Other minds (for which groups are some members conscious?)
Accept or lean towards:
adult humans
99.00%
Reject or lean against:
adult humans
0.00%
Accept or lean towards:
cats
88.00%
Reject or lean against:
cats
7.00%
Accept or lean towards:
fish
61.00%
Reject or lean against:
fish
22.00%
Accept or lean towards:
flies
29.00%
Reject or lean against:
flies
56.00%
Accept or lean towards:
worms
20.00%
Reject or lean against:
worms
65.00%
Accept or lean towards:
plants
1.00%
Reject or lean against:
plants
94.00%
Accept or lean towards:
particles
0.00%
Reject or lean against:
particles
95.00%
Accept or lean towards:
newborn babies
90.00%
Reject or lean against:
newborn babies
5.00%
Accept or lean towards:
current AI systems
2.00%
Reject or lean against:
current AI systems
93.00%
Accept or lean towards:
future AI systems
23.00%
Reject or lean against:
future AI systems
52.00%
Other
100.00%
N = 100, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (7 respondents)
Ought implies can: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
71.57% (71.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
23.53% (23.53%)
Other
4.90%
N = 102, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (4 respondents)
Philosophical knowledge (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
2.86% (2.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
42.86% (42.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
52.38% (52.38%)
Other
1.90%
N = 105, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (4 respondents)
Plato (what is his view?): knowledge only of forms or knowledge also of concrete things?
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge only of forms
53.85% (53.85%)
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge also of concrete things
32.31% (32.31%)
Other
13.85%
N = 65, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (42 respondents)
Politics: capitalism or socialism?
Accept or lean towards:
capitalism
54.64% (51.55%)
Accept or lean towards:
socialism
30.93% (24.74%)
Other
23.71%
N = 97, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (11 respondents)
Possible worlds: abstract, concrete, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
abstract
64.36% (61.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
concrete
1.98% (1.98%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
30.69% (27.72%)
Other
8.91%
N = 101, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (7 respondents)
Practical reason: Aristotelian, Humean, or Kantian?
Accept or lean towards:
Aristotelian
61.84% (57.89%)
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
17.11% (14.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
Kantian
15.79% (11.84%)
Other
15.79%
N = 76, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (36 respondents)
Principle of sufficient reason: true or false?
Accept or lean towards:
true
61.76% (61.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
false
25.49% (25.49%)
Other
12.75%
N = 102, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)
Properties: classes, immanent universals, transcendent universals, tropes, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
classes
4.40% (4.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
immanent universals
14.29% (14.29%)
Accept or lean towards:
transcendent universals
32.97% (32.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
tropes
14.29% (14.29%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
8.79% (8.79%)
Other
25.27%
N = 91, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (19 respondents)
Propositional attitudes: dispositional, phenomenal, representational, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
dispositional
23.88% (22.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
8.96% (7.46%)
Accept or lean towards:
representational
47.76% (44.78%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
0.00% (0.00%)
Other
25.37%
N = 67, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (43 respondents)
Propositions: sets, structured entities, simple entities, acts, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
sets
2.38% (2.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
structured entities
30.95% (30.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
simple entities
16.67% (16.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
acts
8.33% (7.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
11.90% (11.90%)
Other
30.95%
N = 84, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (25 respondents)
Quantum mechanics: collapse, hidden-variables, many-worlds, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
collapse
18.64% (16.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
hidden-variables
13.56% (13.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
many-worlds
10.17% (8.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
10.17% (10.17%)
Other
50.85%
N = 59, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (41 respondents)
Race categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
10.26% (10.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
23.08% (23.08%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
46.15% (46.15%)
Other
20.51%
N = 78, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (27 respondents)
Rational disagreement (can two people with the same evidence rationally disagree?): non-permissivism or permissivism?
Accept or lean towards:
non-permissivism
19.61% (19.61%)
Accept or lean towards:
permissivism
70.59% (70.59%)
Other
9.80%
N = 102, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (11 respondents)
Response to external-world skepticism (which is strongest?): abductive, contextualist, dogmatist, epistemic externalist, semantic externalist, or pragmatic?
Accept or lean towards:
abductive
25.81% (21.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextualist
5.38% (4.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
dogmatist
24.73% (18.28%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic externalist
23.66% (18.28%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic externalist
4.30% (3.23%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
19.35% (13.98%)
Other
20.43%
N = 93, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (11 respondents)
Semantic content (which expressions are context-dependent?): minimalism (no more than a few), moderate contextualism (intermediate), or radical contextualism (most or all) ?
Accept or lean towards:
minimalism (no more than a few)
20.00% (18.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
moderate contextualism (intermediate)
38.33% (38.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
radical contextualism (most or all)
20.00% (20.00%)
Other
23.33%
N = 60, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (45 respondents)
Sleeping beauty (woken once if heads, woken twice if tails, credence in heads on waking?): one-third or one-half?
Accept or lean towards:
one-third
27.78% (27.78%)
Accept or lean towards:
one-half
8.33% (8.33%)
Other
63.89%
N = 36, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (73 respondents)
Spacetime: relationism or substantivalism?
Accept or lean towards:
relationism
37.10% (37.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
substantivalism
41.94% (41.94%)
Other
20.97%
N = 62, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (42 respondents)
Statue and lump: one thing or two things?
Accept or lean towards:
one thing
40.91% (40.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
two things
38.64% (38.64%)
Other
20.45%
N = 88, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (13 respondents)
Temporal ontology: presentism, eternalism, or growing block?
Accept or lean towards:
presentism
32.53% (32.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
eternalism
34.94% (34.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
growing block
12.05% (12.05%)
Other
20.48%
N = 83, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (22 respondents)
Theory of reference: causal, descriptive, or deflationary?
Accept or lean towards:
causal
55.13% (51.28%)
Accept or lean towards:
descriptive
24.36% (20.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
7.69% (6.41%)
Other
21.79%
N = 78, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (32 respondents)
Time travel: metaphysically possible or metaphysically impossible?
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
42.16% (42.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically impossible
49.02% (49.02%)
Other
8.82%
N = 102, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
True contradictions: impossible, possible but non-actual, or actual?
Accept or lean towards:
impossible
86.87% (86.87%)
Accept or lean towards:
possible but non-actual
1.01% (1.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
actual
6.06% (6.06%)
Other
6.06%
N = 99, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (8 respondents)
Units of selection: genes or organisms?
Accept or lean towards:
genes
33.90% (25.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
organisms
37.29% (28.81%)
Other
45.76%
N = 59, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (44 respondents)
Values in science (is ideal scientific reasoning necessarily sensitive or insensitive to non-epistemic values?): necessarily value-free, necessarily value-laden, or can be either?
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-free
18.82% (18.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-laden
40.00% (40.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
can be either
29.41% (28.24%)
Other
12.94%
N = 85, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (19 respondents)
Well-being: hedonism/experientialism, desire satisfaction, or objective list?
Accept or lean towards:
hedonism/experientialism
8.51% (6.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
desire satisfaction
6.38% (2.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective list
75.53% (72.34%)
Other
19.15%
N = 94, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (17 respondents)
Wittgenstein (which do you prefer?): early or late?
Accept or lean towards:
early
21.79% (21.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
late
51.28% (51.28%)
Other
26.92%
N = 78, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (29 respondents)