Survey Results

Philosophical questions

Philosophy of Mind

355 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Main questions

A priori knowledge: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
75.29% (75.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
16.95% (16.67%)
Other
8.33%
N = 348, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (7 respondents)
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
Accept or lean towards:
Platonism
41.07% (40.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
nominalism
40.18% (39.29%)
Other
20.54%
N = 336, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (19 respondents)
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
Accept or lean towards:
objective
45.29% (41.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
39.41% (35.59%)
Other
22.65%
N = 340, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (15 respondents)
Aim of philosophy (which is most important?): truth/knowledge, understanding, wisdom, happiness, or goodness/justice?
Accept or lean towards:
truth/knowledge
45.89% (19.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
understanding
61.76% (32.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
wisdom
26.35% (5.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
happiness
14.16% (0.85%)
Accept or lean towards:
goodness/justice
20.68% (0.85%)
Other
40.79%
N = 353, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
62.03% (62.03%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
27.25% (27.25%)
Other
10.72%
N = 345, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (10 respondents)
Eating animals and animal products (is it permissible to eat animals and/or animal products in ordinary circumstances?): omnivorism (yes and yes), vegetarianism (no and yes), or veganism (no and no)?
Accept or lean towards:
omnivorism (yes and yes)
47.14% (46.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
vegetarianism (no and yes)
29.14% (25.43%)
Accept or lean towards:
veganism (no and no)
15.14% (12.57%)
Other
15.14%
N = 350, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (5 respondents)
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
36.26% (30.70%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
52.92% (47.66%)
Other
21.64%
N = 342, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (13 respondents)
Experience machine (would you enter?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
15.38% (15.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
76.92% (76.92%)
Other
7.69%
N = 338, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (17 respondents)
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
Accept or lean towards:
idealism
5.35% (3.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
skepticism
5.92% (4.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-skeptical realism
80.85% (79.44%)
Other
11.83%
N = 355
Footbridge (pushing man off bridge will save five on track below, what ought one do?): push or don't push?
Accept or lean towards:
push
23.32% (22.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't push
53.64% (53.35%)
Other
24.20%
N = 343, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
Accept or lean towards:
compatibilism
62.89% (60.06%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
15.58% (15.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
no free will
14.45% (12.75%)
Other
11.90%
N = 353, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (2 respondents)
Gender: biological, psychological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
28.40% (12.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological
25.62% (5.25%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
64.20% (40.43%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
5.56% (1.54%)
Other
39.81%
N = 324, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (31 respondents)
God: theism or atheism?
Accept or lean towards:
theism
13.64% (13.07%)
Accept or lean towards:
atheism
73.86% (73.01%)
Other
13.92%
N = 352, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (3 respondents)
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
41.21% (32.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
rationalism
35.45% (27.38%)
Other
40.06%
N = 347, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (8 respondents)
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
Accept or lean towards:
contextualism
51.13% (48.87%)
Accept or lean towards:
relativism
4.85% (3.24%)
Accept or lean towards:
invariantism
28.80% (27.51%)
Other
20.39%
N = 309, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (46 respondents)
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
26.98% (26.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-Humean
57.46% (56.83%)
Other
16.83%
N = 315, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (40 respondents)
Logic: classical or non-classical?
Accept or lean towards:
classical
53.24% (49.15%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-classical
23.89% (20.14%)
Other
30.72%
N = 293, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (62 respondents)
Meaning of life: subjective, objective, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
37.65% (32.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective
28.53% (23.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
15.88% (15.29%)
Other
28.82%
N = 340, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (15 respondents)
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
30.06% (22.25%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
63.01% (54.91%)
Other
22.83%
N = 346, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral realism
66.76% (65.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral anti-realism
22.45% (21.87%)
Other
12.83%
N = 343, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
Accept or lean towards:
naturalism
57.32% (56.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
24.70% (23.78%)
Other
19.82%
N = 328, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (27 respondents)
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
Accept or lean towards:
physicalism
55.49% (55.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-physicalism
28.17% (27.89%)
Other
16.90%
N = 355
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
Accept or lean towards:
cognitivism
73.09% (71.25%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-cognitivism
17.74% (16.21%)
Other
12.54%
N = 327, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (28 respondents)
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
43.51% (42.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
41.05% (39.65%)
Other
18.25%
N = 285, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (70 respondents)
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
Accept or lean towards:
one box
30.00% (29.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
two boxes
40.43% (39.13%)
Other
31.74%
N = 230, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (125 respondents)
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
Accept or lean towards:
deontology
30.81% (17.44%)
Accept or lean towards:
consequentialism
33.72% (22.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
virtue ethics
32.85% (20.64%)
Other
38.95%
N = 344, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (11 respondents)
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
Accept or lean towards:
disjunctivism
17.40% (14.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
qualia theory
14.45% (11.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
representationalism
51.03% (44.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
sense-datum theory
3.54% (2.06%)
Other
26.84%
N = 339, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (16 respondents)
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
Accept or lean towards:
biological view
22.32% (17.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological view
47.32% (40.77%)
Accept or lean towards:
further-fact view
13.99% (11.31%)
Other
30.65%
N = 336, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (19 respondents)
Philosophical methods (which methods are the most useful/important?)
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual analysis
66.76%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual analysis
14.74%
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual engineering
45.38%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual engineering
23.70%
Accept or lean towards:
empirical philosophy
69.36%
Reject or lean against:
empirical philosophy
9.83%
Accept or lean towards:
experimental philosophy
30.06%
Reject or lean against:
experimental philosophy
37.57%
Accept or lean towards:
formal philosophy
53.18%
Reject or lean against:
formal philosophy
13.87%
Accept or lean towards:
intuition-based philosophy
50.87%
Reject or lean against:
intuition-based philosophy
27.17%
Accept or lean towards:
linguistic philosophy
44.80%
Reject or lean against:
linguistic philosophy
23.41%
Other
100.00%
N = 346, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Philosophical progress (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
1.69% (1.69%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
46.05% (44.92%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
46.05% (44.92%)
Other
8.47%
N = 354, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (1 respondents)
Political philosophy: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
Accept or lean towards:
communitarianism
22.06% (16.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
egalitarianism
52.67% (44.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
12.81% (9.96%)
Other
29.54%
N = 281, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (74 respondents)
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
Accept or lean towards:
Fregean
41.39% (39.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
Millian
42.05% (40.40%)
Other
20.20%
N = 302, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (53 respondents)
Race: biological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
23.36% (15.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
62.93% (51.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
15.58% (10.90%)
Other
22.12%
N = 321, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (34 respondents)
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
scientific realism
78.55% (77.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
scientific anti-realism
8.41% (8.12%)
Other
13.91%
N = 345, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (10 respondents)
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
40.92% (40.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
42.15% (41.54%)
Other
18.15%
N = 325, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (30 respondents)
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
Accept or lean towards:
A-theory
24.91% (21.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
B-theory
41.51% (37.74%)
Other
41.13%
N = 265, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (90 respondents)
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
Accept or lean towards:
switch
64.08% (63.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't switch
11.21% (10.63%)
Other
26.15%
N = 348, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (7 respondents)
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
correspondence
57.74% (54.46%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
20.24% (16.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
7.44% (5.95%)
Other
22.62%
N = 336, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (19 respondents)
Vagueness: epistemic, metaphysical, or semantic?
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
23.08% (14.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysical
18.59% (10.58%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic
59.29% (47.44%)
Other
27.56%
N = 312, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (43 respondents)
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
Accept or lean towards:
inconceivable
22.35% (21.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
conceivable but not metaphysically possible
40.40% (39.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
20.92% (20.63%)
Other
18.62%
N = 349, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)

Additional questions

Abortion (first trimester, no special circumstances): permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
86.38% (85.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
10.64% (10.21%)
Other
3.83%
N = 235, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Aesthetic experience: perception, pleasure, or sui generis?
Accept or lean towards:
perception
33.56% (28.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
pleasure
15.44% (10.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
sui generis
39.60% (35.57%)
Other
24.83%
N = 149, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (83 respondents)
Analysis of knowledge: justified true belief, other analysis, or no analysis?
Accept or lean towards:
justified true belief
19.28% (17.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
other analysis
33.18% (32.29%)
Accept or lean towards:
no analysis
36.32% (36.32%)
Other
13.45%
N = 223, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (17 respondents)
Arguments for theism (which argument is strongest?): cosmological, design, ontological, pragmatic, or moral?
Accept or lean towards:
cosmological
16.43% (14.98%)
Accept or lean towards:
design
19.81% (17.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
ontological
8.70% (7.25%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
9.18% (8.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral
4.83% (3.86%)
Other
48.31%
N = 207, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (30 respondents)
Belief or credence (which is more fundamental?): belief, credence, or neither?
Accept or lean towards:
belief
34.39% (33.12%)
Accept or lean towards:
credence
31.21% (30.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
neither
17.83% (17.20%)
Other
19.11%
N = 157, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (69 respondents)
Capital punishment: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
18.14% (18.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
74.68% (74.26%)
Other
7.59%
N = 237, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (7 respondents)
Causation: counterfactual/difference-making, process/production, primitive, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
counterfactual/difference-making
42.72% (38.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
process/production
24.76% (20.87%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
20.39% (19.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
2.43% (1.94%)
Other
19.42%
N = 206, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (29 respondents)
Chinese room: understands or doesn't understand?
Accept or lean towards:
understands
18.41% (17.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
doesn't understand
66.53% (66.53%)
Other
15.48%
N = 239, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Concepts: nativism or empiricism?
Accept or lean towards:
nativism
35.20% (28.06%)
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
47.96% (40.82%)
Other
31.12%
N = 196, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (34 respondents)
Consciousness: dualism, eliminativism, functionalism, identity theory, or panpsychism?
Accept or lean towards:
dualism
19.75% (16.87%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminativism
3.29% (2.88%)
Accept or lean towards:
functionalism
36.21% (31.28%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity theory
14.81% (12.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
panpsychism
9.05% (6.58%)
Other
30.04%
N = 243, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (3 respondents)
Continuum hypothesis (does it have a determinate truth-value?): determinate or indeterminate?
Accept or lean towards:
determinate
37.74% (37.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
indeterminate
19.81% (19.81%)
Other
42.45%
N = 106, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (122 respondents)
Cosmological fine-tuning (what explains it?): design, multiverse, brute fact, or no fine-tuning?
Accept or lean towards:
design
15.20% (12.28%)
Accept or lean towards:
multiverse
16.96% (13.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
brute fact
32.75% (27.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
no fine-tuning
25.73% (22.22%)
Other
24.56%
N = 171, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (66 respondents)
Environmental ethics: anthropocentric or non-anthropocentric?
Accept or lean towards:
anthropocentric
37.04% (36.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-anthropocentric
53.09% (52.47%)
Other
11.11%
N = 162, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (77 respondents)
Extended mind: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
53.25% (52.38%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
38.96% (38.96%)
Other
8.66%
N = 231, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism, formalism, logicism, structuralism, or set-theoretic?
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism/intuitionism
10.83% (9.17%)
Accept or lean towards:
formalism
2.50% (2.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
logicism
15.00% (13.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
structuralism
22.50% (20.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
set-theoretic
17.50% (15.83%)
Other
39.17%
N = 120, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (107 respondents)
Gender categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
19.79% (18.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
51.87% (50.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
15.51% (13.90%)
Other
17.11%
N = 187, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (44 respondents)
Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological, inferential, interpretational, phenomenal, or primitive?
Accept or lean towards:
causal/teleological
43.38% (35.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
inferential
9.59% (4.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
interpretational
15.07% (11.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
19.63% (15.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
12.33% (10.96%)
Other
21.92%
N = 219, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (20 respondents)
Hard problem of consciousness (is there one?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
61.70% (61.70%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
33.62% (33.62%)
Other
4.68%
N = 235, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (7 respondents)
Human genetic engineering: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
70.91% (70.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
15.45% (15.45%)
Other
13.64%
N = 220, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (21 respondents)
Hume (what is his view?): skeptic or naturalist?
Accept or lean towards:
skeptic
29.78% (24.72%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist
54.49% (49.44%)
Other
25.84%
N = 178, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (54 respondents)
Immortality (would you choose it?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
41.18% (41.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
41.60% (41.60%)
Other
17.23%
N = 238, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (3 respondents)
Interlevel metaphysics (which is the most useful?): grounding, identity, realization, or supervenience?
Accept or lean towards:
grounding
25.41% (16.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity
11.35% (7.03%)
Accept or lean towards:
realization
30.27% (22.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
supervenience
30.27% (21.62%)
Other
32.43%
N = 185, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (48 respondents)
Justification: coherentism, infinitism, nonreliabilist foundationalism, or reliabilism?
Accept or lean towards:
coherentism
18.75% (14.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
infinitism
1.44% (0.48%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonreliabilist foundationalism
26.92% (24.04%)
Accept or lean towards:
reliabilism
44.71% (39.42%)
Other
21.63%
N = 208, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (32 respondents)
Kant (what is his view?): one world or two worlds?
Accept or lean towards:
one world
49.68% (49.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
two worlds
31.61% (30.97%)
Other
19.35%
N = 155, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (89 respondents)
Law: legal positivism or legal non-positivism?
Accept or lean towards:
legal positivism
45.13% (44.25%)
Accept or lean towards:
legal non-positivism
34.51% (33.63%)
Other
22.12%
N = 113, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (119 respondents)
Material composition: nihilism, restrictivism, or universalism?
Accept or lean towards:
nihilism
5.97% (5.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
restrictivism
41.04% (40.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
universalism
27.61% (26.12%)
Other
27.61%
N = 134, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (97 respondents)
Metaontology: heavyweight realism, deflationary realism, or anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
heavyweight realism
37.58% (35.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary realism
33.94% (32.73%)
Accept or lean towards:
anti-realism
9.70% (9.70%)
Other
21.82%
N = 165, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (70 respondents)
Method in history of philosophy (which do you prefer?): analytic/rational reconstruction or contextual/historicist?
Accept or lean towards:
analytic/rational reconstruction
67.02% (50.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextual/historicist
36.65% (20.94%)
Other
28.27%
N = 191, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (48 respondents)
Method in political philosophy (which do you prefer?): ideal theory or non-ideal theory?
Accept or lean towards:
ideal theory
38.24% (27.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-ideal theory
54.41% (44.12%)
Other
27.94%
N = 136, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (91 respondents)
Mind uploading (brain replaced by digital emulation): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
34.04% (33.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
52.77% (52.77%)
Other
13.62%
N = 235, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (10 respondents)
Moral principles: moral generalism or moral particularism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral generalism
52.11% (50.53%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral particularism
37.89% (35.79%)
Other
13.68%
N = 190, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (51 respondents)
Morality: non-naturalism, naturalist realism, constructivism, expressivism, or error theory?
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
24.27% (21.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist realism
38.35% (33.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism
16.99% (12.62%)
Accept or lean towards:
expressivism
10.19% (6.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
error theory
8.74% (6.31%)
Other
19.90%
N = 206, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (31 respondents)
Normative concepts (which is most fundamental?): fit, ought, reasons, or value?
Accept or lean towards:
fit
7.51% (5.20%)
Accept or lean towards:
ought
12.14% (10.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
reasons
20.23% (17.34%)
Accept or lean towards:
value
37.57% (34.10%)
Other
32.95%
N = 173, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (57 respondents)
Other minds (for which groups are some members conscious?)
Accept or lean towards:
adult humans
97.36%
Reject or lean against:
adult humans
0.00%
Accept or lean towards:
cats
94.71%
Reject or lean against:
cats
1.32%
Accept or lean towards:
fish
76.21%
Reject or lean against:
fish
8.81%
Accept or lean towards:
flies
43.61%
Reject or lean against:
flies
32.60%
Accept or lean towards:
worms
29.07%
Reject or lean against:
worms
43.61%
Accept or lean towards:
plants
7.93%
Reject or lean against:
plants
79.74%
Accept or lean towards:
particles
2.64%
Reject or lean against:
particles
88.55%
Accept or lean towards:
newborn babies
91.63%
Reject or lean against:
newborn babies
2.20%
Accept or lean towards:
current AI systems
0.88%
Reject or lean against:
current AI systems
88.55%
Accept or lean towards:
future AI systems
50.22%
Reject or lean against:
future AI systems
22.03%
Other
100.00%
N = 227, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (9 respondents)
Ought implies can: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
69.16% (69.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
23.35% (23.35%)
Other
7.49%
N = 227, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
Philosophical knowledge (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
2.56% (2.56%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
33.76% (33.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
57.69% (57.26%)
Other
6.84%
N = 234, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (6 respondents)
Plato (what is his view?): knowledge only of forms or knowledge also of concrete things?
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge only of forms
57.52% (56.64%)
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge also of concrete things
23.89% (23.01%)
Other
20.35%
N = 113, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (119 respondents)
Politics: capitalism or socialism?
Accept or lean towards:
capitalism
28.95% (23.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
socialism
57.46% (50.88%)
Other
25.44%
N = 228, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (12 respondents)
Possible worlds: abstract, concrete, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
abstract
52.44% (52.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
concrete
5.33% (5.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
31.11% (30.22%)
Other
12.44%
N = 225, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (14 respondents)
Practical reason: Aristotelian, Humean, or Kantian?
Accept or lean towards:
Aristotelian
37.58% (30.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
30.91% (29.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
Kantian
22.42% (17.58%)
Other
22.42%
N = 165, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (58 respondents)
Principle of sufficient reason: true or false?
Accept or lean towards:
true
35.35% (34.34%)
Accept or lean towards:
false
45.45% (44.95%)
Other
20.71%
N = 198, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (32 respondents)
Properties: classes, immanent universals, transcendent universals, tropes, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
classes
12.30% (11.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
immanent universals
20.32% (18.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
transcendent universals
18.72% (17.65%)
Accept or lean towards:
tropes
24.60% (21.93%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
5.88% (5.35%)
Other
25.13%
N = 187, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (44 respondents)
Propositional attitudes: dispositional, phenomenal, representational, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
dispositional
31.31% (23.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
6.54% (2.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
representational
54.21% (46.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
4.67% (4.21%)
Other
23.36%
N = 214, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (27 respondents)
Propositions: sets, structured entities, simple entities, acts, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
sets
8.24% (6.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
structured entities
45.60% (41.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
simple entities
6.04% (4.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
acts
6.59% (4.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
15.38% (14.84%)
Other
27.47%
N = 182, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (45 respondents)
Quantum mechanics: collapse, hidden-variables, many-worlds, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
collapse
13.95% (11.63%)
Accept or lean towards:
hidden-variables
28.68% (26.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
many-worlds
17.05% (13.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
16.28% (14.73%)
Other
33.33%
N = 129, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (100 respondents)
Race categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
8.99% (7.94%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
34.39% (31.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
43.39% (41.27%)
Other
19.05%
N = 189, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (56 respondents)
Rational disagreement (can two people with the same evidence rationally disagree?): non-permissivism or permissivism?
Accept or lean towards:
non-permissivism
24.50% (24.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
permissivism
65.00% (65.00%)
Other
10.50%
N = 200, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (36 respondents)
Response to external-world skepticism (which is strongest?): abductive, contextualist, dogmatist, epistemic externalist, semantic externalist, or pragmatic?
Accept or lean towards:
abductive
26.57% (19.81%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextualist
11.11% (8.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
dogmatist
14.98% (11.11%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic externalist
19.32% (13.04%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic externalist
14.49% (8.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
19.81% (14.98%)
Other
24.64%
N = 207, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (39 respondents)
Semantic content (which expressions are context-dependent?): minimalism (no more than a few), moderate contextualism (intermediate), or radical contextualism (most or all) ?
Accept or lean towards:
minimalism (no more than a few)
10.82% (10.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
moderate contextualism (intermediate)
55.67% (55.15%)
Accept or lean towards:
radical contextualism (most or all)
23.20% (22.16%)
Other
12.37%
N = 194, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (49 respondents)
Sleeping beauty (woken once if heads, woken twice if tails, credence in heads on waking?): one-third or one-half?
Accept or lean towards:
one-third
27.66% (27.66%)
Accept or lean towards:
one-half
18.09% (18.09%)
Other
54.26%
N = 94, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (143 respondents)
Spacetime: relationism or substantivalism?
Accept or lean towards:
relationism
46.10% (44.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
substantivalism
29.08% (27.66%)
Other
27.66%
N = 141, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (92 respondents)
Statue and lump: one thing or two things?
Accept or lean towards:
one thing
35.51% (35.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
two things
42.52% (42.06%)
Other
22.43%
N = 214, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (22 respondents)
Temporal ontology: presentism, eternalism, or growing block?
Accept or lean towards:
presentism
15.64% (12.85%)
Accept or lean towards:
eternalism
49.16% (46.93%)
Accept or lean towards:
growing block
18.99% (17.88%)
Other
22.35%
N = 179, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (57 respondents)
Theory of reference: causal, descriptive, or deflationary?
Accept or lean towards:
causal
50.47% (42.92%)
Accept or lean towards:
descriptive
25.47% (17.92%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
11.79% (9.91%)
Other
29.25%
N = 212, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (26 respondents)
Time travel: metaphysically possible or metaphysically impossible?
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
43.30% (43.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically impossible
38.66% (38.66%)
Other
18.04%
N = 194, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (39 respondents)
True contradictions: impossible, possible but non-actual, or actual?
Accept or lean towards:
impossible
76.22% (75.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
possible but non-actual
5.41% (4.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
actual
9.73% (8.65%)
Other
11.35%
N = 185, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (44 respondents)
Units of selection: genes or organisms?
Accept or lean towards:
genes
45.95% (29.05%)
Accept or lean towards:
organisms
51.35% (35.14%)
Other
35.81%
N = 148, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (81 respondents)
Values in science (is ideal scientific reasoning necessarily sensitive or insensitive to non-epistemic values?): necessarily value-free, necessarily value-laden, or can be either?
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-free
17.86% (17.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-laden
36.22% (36.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
can be either
33.16% (32.14%)
Other
13.78%
N = 196, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (29 respondents)
Well-being: hedonism/experientialism, desire satisfaction, or objective list?
Accept or lean towards:
hedonism/experientialism
12.50% (8.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
desire satisfaction
25.52% (20.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective list
47.40% (44.27%)
Other
26.56%
N = 192, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (38 respondents)
Wittgenstein (which do you prefer?): early or late?
Accept or lean towards:
early
27.40% (20.55%)
Accept or lean towards:
late
58.90% (51.60%)
Other
27.85%
N = 219, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (21 respondents)