Survey Results

Philosophical questions


1785 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Main questions

A priori knowledge: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
72.84% (72.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
18.47% (18.30%)
Other
9.03%
N = 1749, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (36 respondents)
Abstract objects: Platonism or nominalism?
Accept or lean towards:
Platonism
38.38% (37.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
nominalism
41.85% (41.37%)
Other
20.81%
N = 1639, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (146 respondents)
Aesthetic value: objective or subjective?
Accept or lean towards:
objective
43.53% (40.18%)
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
40.59% (37.18%)
Other
22.65%
N = 1700, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (85 respondents)
Aim of philosophy (which is most important?): truth/knowledge, understanding, wisdom, happiness, or goodness/justice?
Accept or lean towards:
truth/knowledge
42.18% (17.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
understanding
55.79% (29.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
wisdom
31.17% (10.05%)
Accept or lean towards:
happiness
12.65% (1.36%)
Accept or lean towards:
goodness/justice
22.70% (3.11%)
Other
38.23%
N = 1771, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (14 respondents)
Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
62.48% (62.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
25.78% (25.48%)
Other
12.51%
N = 1703, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (82 respondents)
Eating animals and animal products (is it permissible to eat animals and/or animal products in ordinary circumstances?): omnivorism (yes and yes), vegetarianism (no and yes), or veganism (no and no)?
Accept or lean towards:
omnivorism (yes and yes)
48.02% (47.05%)
Accept or lean towards:
vegetarianism (no and yes)
26.47% (23.92%)
Accept or lean towards:
veganism (no and no)
18.37% (16.50%)
Other
12.53%
N = 1764, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (21 respondents)
Epistemic justification: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
35.72% (30.41%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
50.52% (45.34%)
Other
24.24%
N = 1621, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (164 respondents)
Experience machine (would you enter?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
13.34% (13.34%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
76.86% (76.86%)
Other
9.81%
N = 1642, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (143 respondents)
External world: idealism, skepticism, or non-skeptical realism?
Accept or lean towards:
idealism
6.63% (5.44%)
Accept or lean towards:
skepticism
5.44% (4.76%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-skeptical realism
79.54% (78.17%)
Other
11.62%
N = 1764, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (21 respondents)
Footbridge (pushing man off bridge will save five on track below, what ought one do?): push or don't push?
Accept or lean towards:
push
21.95% (21.55%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't push
56.03% (55.80%)
Other
22.64%
N = 1740, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (45 respondents)
Free will: compatibilism, libertarianism, or no free will?
Accept or lean towards:
compatibilism
59.16% (57.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
18.83% (18.20%)
Accept or lean towards:
no free will
11.21% (10.58%)
Other
13.54%
N = 1758, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (27 respondents)
Gender: biological, psychological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
29.04% (15.12%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological
21.54% (4.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
63.10% (43.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
4.23% (1.63%)
Other
35.93%
N = 1653, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (132 respondents)
God: theism or atheism?
Accept or lean towards:
theism
18.93% (18.64%)
Accept or lean towards:
atheism
66.95% (66.72%)
Other
14.63%
N = 1770, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (15 respondents)
Knowledge: empiricism or rationalism?
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
43.90% (37.28%)
Accept or lean towards:
rationalism
33.51% (26.77%)
Other
35.95%
N = 1722, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (63 respondents)
Knowledge claims: contextualism, relativism, or invariantism?
Accept or lean towards:
contextualism
54.61% (52.17%)
Accept or lean towards:
relativism
5.43% (4.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
invariantism
25.51% (24.29%)
Other
19.54%
N = 1474, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (311 respondents)
Laws of nature: Humean or non-Humean?
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
31.27% (30.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-Humean
54.31% (53.73%)
Other
15.44%
N = 1554, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (231 respondents)
Logic: classical or non-classical?
Accept or lean towards:
classical
53.64% (48.69%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-classical
26.43% (21.77%)
Other
29.54%
N = 1415, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (370 respondents)
Meaning of life: subjective, objective, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
subjective
33.04% (28.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective
32.06% (27.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
16.12% (14.90%)
Other
29.16%
N = 1725, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (60 respondents)
Mental content: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
26.35% (21.93%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
58.12% (53.83%)
Other
24.24%
N = 1514, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (271 respondents)
Meta-ethics: moral realism or moral anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral realism
62.07% (61.55%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral anti-realism
26.12% (25.77%)
Other
12.68%
N = 1719, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (66 respondents)
Metaphilosophy: naturalism or non-naturalism?
Accept or lean towards:
naturalism
50.16% (49.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
31.12% (30.34%)
Other
20.27%
N = 1549, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (236 respondents)
Mind: physicalism or non-physicalism?
Accept or lean towards:
physicalism
51.93% (51.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-physicalism
32.08% (31.85%)
Other
16.56%
N = 1733, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (52 respondents)
Moral judgment: cognitivism or non-cognitivism?
Accept or lean towards:
cognitivism
69.25% (68.15%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-cognitivism
20.72% (19.87%)
Other
11.98%
N = 1636, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (149 respondents)
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
41.01% (38.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
39.33% (36.60%)
Other
25.26%
N = 1429, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (356 respondents)
Newcomb's problem: one box or two boxes?
Accept or lean towards:
one box
31.19% (30.72%)
Accept or lean towards:
two boxes
39.03% (38.47%)
Other
30.81%
N = 1071, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (714 respondents)
Normative ethics: deontology, consequentialism, or virtue ethics?
Accept or lean towards:
deontology
32.05% (19.70%)
Accept or lean towards:
consequentialism
30.56% (21.42%)
Accept or lean towards:
virtue ethics
36.99% (25.04%)
Other
33.83%
N = 1741, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (44 respondents)
Perceptual experience: disjunctivism, qualia theory, representationalism, or sense-datum theory?
Accept or lean towards:
disjunctivism
15.65% (13.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
qualia theory
15.12% (13.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
representationalism
39.30% (36.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
sense-datum theory
4.99% (3.85%)
Other
32.88%
N = 1323, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (462 respondents)
Personal identity: biological view, psychological view, or further-fact view?
Accept or lean towards:
biological view
19.07% (15.60%)
Accept or lean towards:
psychological view
43.65% (39.44%)
Accept or lean towards:
further-fact view
14.86% (13.37%)
Other
31.58%
N = 1615, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (170 respondents)
Philosophical methods (which methods are the most useful/important?)
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual analysis
70.92%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual analysis
11.60%
Accept or lean towards:
conceptual engineering
39.47%
Reject or lean against:
conceptual engineering
20.60%
Accept or lean towards:
empirical philosophy
60.01%
Reject or lean against:
empirical philosophy
14.48%
Accept or lean towards:
experimental philosophy
32.60%
Reject or lean against:
experimental philosophy
35.95%
Accept or lean towards:
formal philosophy
55.51%
Reject or lean against:
formal philosophy
12.87%
Accept or lean towards:
intuition-based philosophy
49.45%
Reject or lean against:
intuition-based philosophy
29.02%
Accept or lean towards:
linguistic philosophy
46.16%
Reject or lean against:
linguistic philosophy
21.52%
Other
100.00%
N = 1733, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (52 respondents)
Philosophical progress (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
3.83% (3.77%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
46.59% (45.80%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
41.69% (41.24%)
Other
9.18%
N = 1775, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (10 respondents)
Political philosophy: communitarianism, egalitarianism, or libertarianism?
Accept or lean towards:
communitarianism
27.26% (22.06%)
Accept or lean towards:
egalitarianism
44.05% (38.26%)
Accept or lean towards:
libertarianism
13.40% (10.28%)
Other
29.41%
N = 1537, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (248 respondents)
Proper names: Fregean or Millian?
Accept or lean towards:
Fregean
36.09% (34.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
Millian
38.69% (37.51%)
Other
27.74%
N = 1269, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (516 respondents)
Race: biological, social, or unreal?
Accept or lean towards:
biological
18.68% (11.46%)
Accept or lean towards:
social
63.43% (52.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
unreal
15.04% (11.40%)
Other
24.32%
N = 1649, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (136 respondents)
Science: scientific realism or scientific anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
scientific realism
72.35% (71.52%)
Accept or lean towards:
scientific anti-realism
15.04% (14.27%)
Other
14.21%
N = 1689, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (96 respondents)
Teletransporter (new matter): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
35.24% (34.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
40.06% (39.68%)
Other
25.52%
N = 1575, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (210 respondents)
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
Accept or lean towards:
A-theory
27.25% (24.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
B-theory
38.20% (35.71%)
Other
39.45%
N = 1123, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (662 respondents)
Trolley problem (five straight ahead, one on side track, turn requires switching, what ought one do?): switch or don't switch?
Accept or lean towards:
switch
63.42% (62.50%)
Accept or lean towards:
don't switch
13.31% (12.62%)
Other
24.88%
N = 1736, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (49 respondents)
Truth: correspondence, deflationary, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
correspondence
51.37% (48.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
24.53% (22.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
10.16% (8.76%)
Other
20.69%
N = 1643, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (142 respondents)
Vagueness: epistemic, metaphysical, or semantic?
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
24.18% (16.28%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysical
20.82% (15.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic
52.13% (42.56%)
Other
26.00%
N = 1431, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (354 respondents)
Zombies: inconceivable, conceivable but not metaphysically possible, or metaphysically possible?
Accept or lean towards:
inconceivable
16.40% (15.84%)
Accept or lean towards:
conceivable but not metaphysically possible
36.52% (35.78%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
24.41% (24.22%)
Other
24.16%
N = 1610, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (175 respondents)

Additional questions

Abortion (first trimester, no special circumstances): permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
81.73% (81.37%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
13.10% (12.83%)
Other
5.79%
N = 1122, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (58 respondents)
Aesthetic experience: perception, pleasure, or sui generis?
Accept or lean towards:
perception
28.18% (24.96%)
Accept or lean towards:
pleasure
14.16% (11.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
sui generis
37.23% (35.77%)
Other
28.18%
N = 685, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (438 respondents)
Analysis of knowledge: justified true belief, other analysis, or no analysis?
Accept or lean towards:
justified true belief
23.61% (23.12%)
Accept or lean towards:
other analysis
32.20% (31.61%)
Accept or lean towards:
no analysis
30.63% (30.44%)
Other
14.83%
N = 1025, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (104 respondents)
Arguments for theism (which argument is strongest?): cosmological, design, ontological, pragmatic, or moral?
Accept or lean towards:
cosmological
20.88% (16.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
design
17.66% (13.85%)
Accept or lean towards:
ontological
8.88% (6.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
14.24% (11.61%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral
9.37% (6.34%)
Other
44.78%
N = 1025, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (113 respondents)
Belief or credence (which is more fundamental?): belief, credence, or neither?
Accept or lean towards:
belief
30.62% (29.97%)
Accept or lean towards:
credence
31.27% (30.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
neither
19.51% (19.38%)
Other
19.90%
N = 774, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (367 respondents)
Capital punishment: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
17.74% (17.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
75.13% (75.04%)
Other
7.22%
N = 1122, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (41 respondents)
Causation: counterfactual/difference-making, process/production, primitive, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
counterfactual/difference-making
37.22% (33.41%)
Accept or lean towards:
process/production
22.53% (18.72%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
20.52% (18.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
4.15% (3.81%)
Other
25.11%
N = 892, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (257 respondents)
Chinese room: understands or doesn't understand?
Accept or lean towards:
understands
17.85% (17.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
doesn't understand
67.12% (67.12%)
Other
15.13%
N = 1031, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (122 respondents)
Concepts: nativism or empiricism?
Accept or lean towards:
nativism
28.09% (23.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
empiricism
50.35% (45.10%)
Other
31.59%
N = 858, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (267 respondents)
Consciousness: dualism, eliminativism, functionalism, identity theory, or panpsychism?
Accept or lean towards:
dualism
21.96% (20.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminativism
4.51% (3.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
functionalism
33.04% (29.51%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity theory
13.33% (11.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
panpsychism
7.55% (6.08%)
Other
29.12%
N = 1020, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (134 respondents)
Continuum hypothesis (does it have a determinate truth-value?): determinate or indeterminate?
Accept or lean towards:
determinate
37.66% (37.66%)
Accept or lean towards:
indeterminate
28.66% (28.66%)
Other
33.68%
N = 478, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (632 respondents)
Cosmological fine-tuning (what explains it?): design, multiverse, brute fact, or no fine-tuning?
Accept or lean towards:
design
17.35% (15.61%)
Accept or lean towards:
multiverse
15.12% (12.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
brute fact
32.09% (29.12%)
Accept or lean towards:
no fine-tuning
21.69% (19.45%)
Other
23.42%
N = 807, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (338 respondents)
Environmental ethics: anthropocentric or non-anthropocentric?
Accept or lean towards:
anthropocentric
42.25% (40.45%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-anthropocentric
50.67% (48.76%)
Other
10.79%
N = 890, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (253 respondents)
Extended mind: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
51.26% (50.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
37.08% (36.97%)
Other
12.08%
N = 952, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (179 respondents)
Foundations of mathematics: constructivism/intuitionism, formalism, logicism, structuralism, or set-theoretic?
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism/intuitionism
15.33% (13.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
formalism
6.17% (5.17%)
Accept or lean towards:
logicism
11.83% (10.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
structuralism
21.17% (17.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
set-theoretic
15.33% (13.00%)
Other
40.00%
N = 600, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (522 respondents)
Gender categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
20.45% (18.92%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
50.86% (48.02%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
16.28% (14.55%)
Other
18.51%
N = 983, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (175 respondents)
Grounds of intentionality: causal/teleological, inferential, interpretational, phenomenal, or primitive?
Accept or lean towards:
causal/teleological
34.73% (29.85%)
Accept or lean towards:
inferential
9.48% (6.69%)
Accept or lean towards:
interpretational
15.06% (12.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
12.55% (10.04%)
Accept or lean towards:
primitive
13.67% (12.41%)
Other
28.87%
N = 717, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (421 respondents)
Hard problem of consciousness (is there one?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
62.42% (62.32%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
29.76% (29.66%)
Other
8.02%
N = 998, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (143 respondents)
Human genetic engineering: permissible or impermissible?
Accept or lean towards:
permissible
64.21% (64.21%)
Accept or lean towards:
impermissible
19.45% (19.45%)
Other
16.34%
N = 1059, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (98 respondents)
Hume (what is his view?): skeptic or naturalist?
Accept or lean towards:
skeptic
36.47% (28.90%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist
54.93% (47.36%)
Other
23.74%
N = 872, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (263 respondents)
Immortality (would you choose it?): yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
44.92% (44.92%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
41.33% (41.33%)
Other
13.75%
N = 1113, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (41 respondents)
Interlevel metaphysics (which is the most useful?): grounding, identity, realization, or supervenience?
Accept or lean towards:
grounding
29.14% (22.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
identity
11.50% (6.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
realization
20.99% (14.17%)
Accept or lean towards:
supervenience
24.73% (18.45%)
Other
38.24%
N = 748, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (380 respondents)
Justification: coherentism, infinitism, nonreliabilist foundationalism, or reliabilism?
Accept or lean towards:
coherentism
23.68% (19.16%)
Accept or lean towards:
infinitism
2.00% (1.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonreliabilist foundationalism
25.16% (21.79%)
Accept or lean towards:
reliabilism
33.58% (28.84%)
Other
28.74%
N = 950, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (206 respondents)
Kant (what is his view?): one world or two worlds?
Accept or lean towards:
one world
45.43% (45.01%)
Accept or lean towards:
two worlds
34.90% (34.35%)
Other
20.64%
N = 722, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (415 respondents)
Law: legal positivism or legal non-positivism?
Accept or lean towards:
legal positivism
39.48% (38.83%)
Accept or lean towards:
legal non-positivism
44.98% (44.17%)
Other
16.99%
N = 618, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (501 respondents)
Material composition: nihilism, restrictivism, or universalism?
Accept or lean towards:
nihilism
8.19% (7.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
restrictivism
35.02% (34.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
universalism
27.35% (26.31%)
Other
31.36%
N = 574, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (558 respondents)
Metaontology: heavyweight realism, deflationary realism, or anti-realism?
Accept or lean towards:
heavyweight realism
38.64% (37.64%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary realism
28.13% (27.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
anti-realism
11.93% (11.65%)
Other
23.44%
N = 704, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (428 respondents)
Method in history of philosophy (which do you prefer?): analytic/rational reconstruction or contextual/historicist?
Accept or lean towards:
analytic/rational reconstruction
60.79% (42.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextual/historicist
44.44% (26.82%)
Other
30.24%
N = 936, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (219 respondents)
Method in political philosophy (which do you prefer?): ideal theory or non-ideal theory?
Accept or lean towards:
ideal theory
32.44% (22.39%)
Accept or lean towards:
non-ideal theory
58.02% (47.96%)
Other
29.64%
N = 786, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (358 respondents)
Mind uploading (brain replaced by digital emulation): survival or death?
Accept or lean towards:
survival
27.46% (27.17%)
Accept or lean towards:
death
54.23% (54.04%)
Other
18.80%
N = 1016, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (99 respondents)
Moral principles: moral generalism or moral particularism?
Accept or lean towards:
moral generalism
54.57% (52.95%)
Accept or lean towards:
moral particularism
33.74% (32.01%)
Other
15.04%
N = 984, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (175 respondents)
Morality: non-naturalism, naturalist realism, constructivism, expressivism, or error theory?
Accept or lean towards:
non-naturalism
26.56% (24.22%)
Accept or lean towards:
naturalist realism
31.64% (28.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
constructivism
20.80% (17.68%)
Accept or lean towards:
expressivism
10.64% (8.20%)
Accept or lean towards:
error theory
5.27% (3.91%)
Other
17.87%
N = 1024, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (117 respondents)
Normative concepts (which is most fundamental?): fit, ought, reasons, or value?
Accept or lean towards:
fit
7.32% (4.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
ought
14.17% (10.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
reasons
25.44% (21.49%)
Accept or lean towards:
value
37.40% (32.75%)
Other
30.20%
N = 861, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (252 respondents)
Other minds (for which groups are some members conscious?)
Accept or lean towards:
adult humans
95.15%
Reject or lean against:
adult humans
0.18%
Accept or lean towards:
cats
88.55%
Reject or lean against:
cats
3.94%
Accept or lean towards:
fish
65.29%
Reject or lean against:
fish
14.74%
Accept or lean towards:
flies
34.52%
Reject or lean against:
flies
38.37%
Accept or lean towards:
worms
24.18%
Reject or lean against:
worms
46.61%
Accept or lean towards:
plants
7.23%
Reject or lean against:
plants
79.67%
Accept or lean towards:
particles
2.01%
Reject or lean against:
particles
89.10%
Accept or lean towards:
newborn babies
84.34%
Reject or lean against:
newborn babies
4.85%
Accept or lean towards:
current AI systems
3.39%
Reject or lean against:
current AI systems
82.42%
Accept or lean towards:
future AI systems
39.19%
Reject or lean against:
future AI systems
26.83%
Other
100.00%
N = 1092, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (72 respondents)
Ought implies can: yes or no?
Accept or lean towards:
yes
62.86% (62.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
no
28.29% (28.11%)
Other
9.22%
N = 1085, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (65 respondents)
Philosophical knowledge (is there any?): none, a little, or a lot?
Accept or lean towards:
none
3.60% (3.60%)
Accept or lean towards:
a little
32.52% (32.07%)
Accept or lean towards:
a lot
56.22% (55.68%)
Other
8.65%
N = 1110, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (55 respondents)
Plato (what is his view?): knowledge only of forms or knowledge also of concrete things?
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge only of forms
52.84% (52.52%)
Accept or lean towards:
knowledge also of concrete things
28.23% (27.92%)
Other
19.56%
N = 634, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (491 respondents)
Politics: capitalism or socialism?
Accept or lean towards:
capitalism
29.52% (26.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
socialism
53.02% (48.63%)
Other
25.23%
N = 1094, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (54 respondents)
Possible worlds: abstract, concrete, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
abstract
54.84% (53.43%)
Accept or lean towards:
concrete
4.61% (4.33%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
30.01% (28.97%)
Other
13.26%
N = 1063, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (102 respondents)
Practical reason: Aristotelian, Humean, or Kantian?
Accept or lean towards:
Aristotelian
38.74% (34.35%)
Accept or lean towards:
Humean
30.63% (28.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
Kantian
18.92% (15.88%)
Other
21.51%
N = 888, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (249 respondents)
Principle of sufficient reason: true or false?
Accept or lean towards:
true
35.90% (35.47%)
Accept or lean towards:
false
45.73% (45.62%)
Other
18.91%
N = 936, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (188 respondents)
Properties: classes, immanent universals, transcendent universals, tropes, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
classes
11.47% (10.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
immanent universals
20.62% (17.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
transcendent universals
19.85% (17.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
tropes
15.34% (13.14%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
8.12% (7.86%)
Other
32.86%
N = 776, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (345 respondents)
Propositional attitudes: dispositional, phenomenal, representational, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
dispositional
31.49% (25.82%)
Accept or lean towards:
phenomenal
6.93% (4.41%)
Accept or lean towards:
representational
46.47% (40.93%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
3.53% (3.27%)
Other
25.57%
N = 794, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (333 respondents)
Propositions: sets, structured entities, simple entities, acts, or nonexistent?
Accept or lean towards:
sets
8.38% (7.64%)
Accept or lean towards:
structured entities
38.35% (36.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
simple entities
6.91% (5.67%)
Accept or lean towards:
acts
8.14% (7.27%)
Accept or lean towards:
nonexistent
15.41% (15.04%)
Other
28.24%
N = 811, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (332 respondents)
Quantum mechanics: collapse, hidden-variables, many-worlds, or epistemic?
Accept or lean towards:
collapse
17.09% (14.75%)
Accept or lean towards:
hidden-variables
21.94% (18.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
many-worlds
19.42% (17.09%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic
12.77% (11.33%)
Other
38.13%
N = 556, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (558 respondents)
Race categories: preserve, revise, or eliminate?
Accept or lean towards:
preserve
8.16% (7.31%)
Accept or lean towards:
revise
32.31% (30.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
eliminate
40.36% (39.19%)
Other
23.09%
N = 944, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (237 respondents)
Rational disagreement (can two people with the same evidence rationally disagree?): non-permissivism or permissivism?
Accept or lean towards:
non-permissivism
19.40% (19.40%)
Accept or lean towards:
permissivism
70.15% (70.15%)
Other
10.45%
N = 995, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (157 respondents)
Response to external-world skepticism (which is strongest?): abductive, contextualist, dogmatist, epistemic externalist, semantic externalist, or pragmatic?
Accept or lean towards:
abductive
22.13% (17.19%)
Accept or lean towards:
contextualist
10.74% (7.73%)
Accept or lean towards:
dogmatist
13.43% (10.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
epistemic externalist
18.90% (14.61%)
Accept or lean towards:
semantic externalist
8.38% (5.37%)
Accept or lean towards:
pragmatic
22.77% (18.26%)
Other
26.75%
N = 931, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (204 respondents)
Semantic content (which expressions are context-dependent?): minimalism (no more than a few), moderate contextualism (intermediate), or radical contextualism (most or all) ?
Accept or lean towards:
minimalism (no more than a few)
9.37% (8.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
moderate contextualism (intermediate)
52.50% (51.86%)
Accept or lean towards:
radical contextualism (most or all)
25.55% (25.03%)
Other
14.12%
N = 779, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (367 respondents)
Sleeping beauty (woken once if heads, woken twice if tails, credence in heads on waking?): one-third or one-half?
Accept or lean towards:
one-third
27.74% (27.74%)
Accept or lean towards:
one-half
18.65% (18.65%)
Other
53.61%
N = 429, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (702 respondents)
Spacetime: relationism or substantivalism?
Accept or lean towards:
relationism
45.37% (45.05%)
Accept or lean towards:
substantivalism
27.48% (27.16%)
Other
27.80%
N = 626, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (504 respondents)
Statue and lump: one thing or two things?
Accept or lean towards:
one thing
30.13% (29.71%)
Accept or lean towards:
two things
41.84% (41.32%)
Other
28.97%
N = 956, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (175 respondents)
Temporal ontology: presentism, eternalism, or growing block?
Accept or lean towards:
presentism
18.39% (17.57%)
Accept or lean towards:
eternalism
39.92% (38.69%)
Accept or lean towards:
growing block
17.03% (16.76%)
Other
26.98%
N = 734, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (381 respondents)
Theory of reference: causal, descriptive, or deflationary?
Accept or lean towards:
causal
46.29% (41.05%)
Accept or lean towards:
descriptive
22.12% (16.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
deflationary
15.05% (14.03%)
Other
27.94%
N = 877, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (254 respondents)
Time travel: metaphysically possible or metaphysically impossible?
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically possible
42.30% (42.30%)
Accept or lean towards:
metaphysically impossible
41.03% (41.03%)
Other
16.67%
N = 948, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (199 respondents)
True contradictions: impossible, possible but non-actual, or actual?
Accept or lean towards:
impossible
71.35% (71.03%)
Accept or lean towards:
possible but non-actual
4.76% (4.65%)
Accept or lean towards:
actual
12.43% (12.22%)
Other
12.11%
N = 925, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (203 respondents)
Units of selection: genes or organisms?
Accept or lean towards:
genes
43.55% (32.99%)
Accept or lean towards:
organisms
43.11% (32.70%)
Other
34.31%
N = 682, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (447 respondents)
Values in science (is ideal scientific reasoning necessarily sensitive or insensitive to non-epistemic values?): necessarily value-free, necessarily value-laden, or can be either?
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-free
17.69% (17.59%)
Accept or lean towards:
necessarily value-laden
44.02% (43.91%)
Accept or lean towards:
can be either
31.11% (30.70%)
Other
7.80%
N = 961, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (152 respondents)
Well-being: hedonism/experientialism, desire satisfaction, or objective list?
Accept or lean towards:
hedonism/experientialism
12.72% (10.13%)
Accept or lean towards:
desire satisfaction
18.61% (15.10%)
Accept or lean towards:
objective list
53.15% (49.95%)
Other
24.82%
N = 967, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (184 respondents)
Wittgenstein (which do you prefer?): early or late?
Accept or lean towards:
early
24.61% (20.77%)
Accept or lean towards:
late
57.53% (53.48%)
Other
25.75%
N = 963, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (181 respondents)