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Survey Results
Units of selection: organisms or genes?
682 respondents
Accept or lean towards:
genes
genes
43.55% (32.99%)
Reject or lean against:
genes
genes
0.29% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
organisms
organisms
43.11% (32.70%)
Reject or lean against:
organisms
organisms
0.29% (0.00%)
Accept a combination of views
11.00%
Accept an alternative view
6.89%
The question is too unclear to answer
3.08%
There is no fact of the matter
2.35%
Agnostic/undecided
10.26%
Other
0.73%
Alternative Views
77 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.
- MULT (29): multilevel (10) multiple (9) multi-level (8) multi (2)
- GROU (15): groups (13) group (2)
- LEVE (10): levels (8) level (2)
- PLUR (7): pluralism (7)
- INCL (5): including (3) includes (2)
- BOTH (5): both (5)
- MORE (3): more (3)
- PHEN (3): phenotypic (2) phenotypes (1)
- TRAI (3): traits (2) trait (1)
- POPU (3): populations (3)
Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey
Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)
r: 0.29
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 190 | 44 |
Reject | 149 | 82 |
n: 465
p < 0.0001
r: -0.26
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 67 | 132 |
Reject | 112 | 102 |
n: 413
p < 0.0001
r: 0.26
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 82 | 88 |
Reject | 50 | 123 |
n: 343
p < 0.0001
r: 0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 92 | 107 |
Reject | 53 | 160 |
n: 412
p < 0.0001
r: 0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 128 | 121 |
Reject | 86 | 162 |
n: 497
p < 0.0001
r: 0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 115 | 83 |
Reject | 76 | 111 |
n: 385
p < 0.0001
r: 0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 78 | 76 |
Reject | 52 | 112 |
n: 318
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 172 | 43 |
Reject | 138 | 72 |
n: 425
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 33 | 249 |
Reject | 72 | 195 |
n: 549
p < 0.0001
r: 0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 189 | 81 |
Reject | 134 | 135 |
n: 539
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 63 | 174 |
Reject | 27 | 208 |
n: 472
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 87 | 150 |
Reject | 127 | 108 |
n: 472
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 112 | 99 |
Reject | 81 | 143 |
n: 435
p < 0.0001
r: -0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 75 | 166 |
Reject | 120 | 127 |
n: 488
p < 0.0001
r: 0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 190 | 101 |
Reject | 146 | 136 |
n: 573
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 125 | 123 |
Reject | 83 | 183 |
n: 514
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 105 | 109 |
Reject | 66 | 138 |
n: 418
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 77 | 145 |
Reject | 94 | 128 |
n: 444
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 160 | 117 |
Reject | 208 | 68 |
n: 553
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 85 | 162 |
Reject | 130 | 136 |
n: 513
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 153 | 62 |
Reject | 126 | 89 |
n: 430
p < 0.0001
r: -0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 63 | 169 |
Reject | 101 | 142 |
n: 475
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 223 | 27 |
Reject | 197 | 51 |
n: 498
p < 0.0001
r: -0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 191 |
Reject | 36 | 174 |
n: 425
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 177 | 80 |
Reject | 133 | 120 |
n: 510
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 90 | 137 |
Reject | 56 | 163 |
n: 446
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 14 | 194 |
Reject | 29 | 160 |
n: 397
p: 0.0004
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 40 | 241 |
Reject | 73 | 199 |
n: 553
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 73 | 124 |
Reject | 54 | 134 |
n: 385
p: 0.0006
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 106 | 117 |
Reject | 62 | 149 |
n: 434
p: 0.0004
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 145 | 99 |
Reject | 111 | 123 |
n: 478
p: 0.0004
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 75 | 180 |
Reject | 47 | 222 |
n: 524
p: 0.0003
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 17 | 180 |
Reject | 43 | 147 |
n: 387
p: 0.0021
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 212 | 79 |
Reject | 176 | 106 |
n: 573
p: 0.0002
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 33 | 137 |
Reject | 41 | 132 |
n: 343
p: 0.0043
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 110 | 128 |
Reject | 80 | 159 |
n: 477
p: 0.0009
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 116 | 146 |
Reject | 156 | 104 |
n: 522
p: 0.0006
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 38 | 114 |
Reject | 26 | 118 |
n: 296
p: 0.0096
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 62 | 156 |
Reject | 32 | 166 |
n: 416
p: 0.0026
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 183 |
Reject | 39 | 165 |
n: 411
p: 0.003
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 54 | 179 |
Reject | 84 | 143 |
n: 460
p: 0.0018
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 237 | 46 |
Reject | 192 | 67 |
n: 542
p: 0.0011
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 47 | 150 |
Reject | 30 | 160 |
n: 387
p: 0.0066
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 236 |
Reject | 40 | 219 |
n: 519
p: 0.0017
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 54 | 125 |
Reject | 57 | 114 |
n: 350
p: 0.0109
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 127 | 105 |
Reject | 106 | 138 |
n: 476
p: 0.003
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 107 | 99 |
Reject | 130 | 88 |
n: 424
p: 0.0054
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 112 | 139 |
Reject | 85 | 167 |
n: 503
p: 0.0025
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 28 | 156 |
Reject | 10 | 164 |
n: 358
p: 0.012
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 27 | 156 |
Reject | 38 | 135 |
n: 356
p: 0.0124
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 60 | 151 |
Reject | 43 | 185 |
n: 439
p: 0.0061
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 95 | 171 |
Reject | 52 | 195 |
n: 513
p: 0.003
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 45 | 167 |
Reject | 60 | 144 |
n: 416
p: 0.0079
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 8 | 102 |
Reject | 12 | 109 |
n: 231
p: 0.0485
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 37 | 137 |
Reject | 25 | 152 |
n: 351
p: 0.0163
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 84 | 149 |
Reject | 63 | 164 |
n: 460
p: 0.0063
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 55 | 161 |
Reject | 57 | 143 |
n: 416
p: 0.0098
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 69 | 180 |
Reject | 102 | 146 |
n: 497
p: 0.005
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 59 | 149 |
Reject | 45 | 173 |
n: 426
p: 0.0094
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 82 | 103 |
Reject | 62 | 111 |
n: 358
p: 0.019
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 110 | 132 |
Reject | 94 | 153 |
n: 489
p: 0.0077
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 34 | 196 |
Reject | 50 | 182 |
n: 462
p: 0.0098
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 68 | 174 |
Reject | 45 | 200 |
n: 487
p: 0.0082
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 48 | 201 |
Reject | 73 | 175 |
n: 497
p: 0.0083
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 54 | 135 |
Reject | 56 | 128 |
n: 373
p: 0.0225
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 11 | 212 |
Reject | 27 | 184 |
n: 434
p: 0.0141
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 12 | 237 |
Reject | 29 | 219 |
n: 497
p: 0.0091
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 26 | 204 |
Reject | 7 | 207 |
n: 444
p: 0.0147
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 23 | 151 |
Reject | 13 | 157 |
n: 344
p: 0.0363
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 30 | 140 |
Reject | 43 | 130 |
n: 343
p: 0.0371
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 117 | 92 |
Reject | 96 | 110 |
n: 415
p: 0.0241
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 139 | 132 |
Reject | 113 | 158 |
n: 542
p: 0.0109
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 66 | 132 |
Reject | 69 | 116 |
n: 383
p: 0.0441
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 50 | 158 |
Reject | 53 | 137 |
n: 398
p: 0.0417
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 127 | 87 |
Reject | 122 | 98 |
n: 434
p: 0.0336
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 74 | 165 |
Reject | 59 | 182 |
n: 480
p: 0.028
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 139 | 152 |
Reject | 115 | 167 |
n: 573
p: 0.0164
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 44 | 164 |
Reject | 31 | 185 |
n: 424
p: 0.0392
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 43 | 180 |
Reject | 56 | 155 |
n: 434
p: 0.0403
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 80 | 171 |
Reject | 57 | 204 |
n: 512
p: 0.0268
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 63 | 214 |
Reject | 43 | 237 |
n: 557
p: 0.0216
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 9 | 206 |
Reject | 16 | 194 |
n: 425
p: 0.0451
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 101 | 159 |
Reject | 73 | 178 |
n: 511
p: 0.0299
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 234 | 15 |
Reject | 229 | 19 |
n: 497
p: 0.0325
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 191 | 91 |
Reject | 171 | 101 |
n: 554
p: 0.033
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 119 | 172 |
Reject | 93 | 189 |
n: 573
p: 0.032
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 102 | 151 |
Reject | 127 | 121 |
n: 501
p: 0.0456
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 12 | 271 |
Reject | 13 | 260 |
n: 556
p: 0.0432
Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 256 | 30 |
Reject | 225 | 60 |
n: 571
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 62 | 162 |
Reject | 30 | 210 |
n: 464
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 20 | 266 |
Reject | 38 | 247 |
n: 571
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 35 | 189 |
Reject | 64 | 176 |
n: 464
p: 0.0005
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 8 | 279 |
Reject | 24 | 268 |
n: 579
p: 0.0002
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 29 | 195 |
Reject | 11 | 229 |
n: 464
p: 0.0018
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 10 | 276 |
Reject | 22 | 263 |
n: 571
p: 0.0022
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 8 | 279 |
Reject | 19 | 273 |
n: 579
p: 0.003
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 46 | 236 |
Reject | 63 | 208 |
n: 553
p: 0.0052
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 40 | 254 |
Reject | 58 | 230 |
n: 582
p: 0.0068
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 30 | 194 |
Reject | 18 | 222 |
n: 464
p: 0.0197
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 8 | 216 |
Reject | 20 | 220 |
n: 464
p: 0.0248
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 18 | 206 |
Reject | 9 | 231 |
n: 464
p: 0.0249
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 15 | 272 |
Reject | 25 | 267 |
n: 579
p: 0.0127
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 19 | 205 |
Reject | 10 | 230 |
n: 464
p: 0.0326
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 41 | 251 |
Reject | 59 | 225 |
n: 576
p: 0.0223
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 251 | 41 |
Reject | 225 | 59 |
n: 576
p: 0.0223
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 7 | 217 |
Reject | 3 | 237 |
n: 464
p: 0.0443
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 11 | 276 |
Reject | 3 | 289 |
n: 579
p: 0.0376
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 51 | 236 |
Reject | 38 | 254 |
n: 579
p: 0.0393
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Units of selection: genes | Yes | No |
Accept | 49 | 238 |
Reject | 32 | 260 |
n: 579
p: 0.0453