Survey Results

Rational disagreement (can two people with the same evidence rationally disagree?): permissivism or non-permissivism?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

995 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
non-permissivism

19.40% (19.40%)

Reject or lean against:
non-permissivism

0.00% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
permissivism

70.15% (70.15%)

Reject or lean against:
permissivism

0.00% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

0.00%

Accept an alternative view

0.90%

The question is too unclear to answer

3.32%

There is no fact of the matter

0.30%

Agnostic/undecided

5.43%

Other

0.50%

N = 995, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (157 respondents)

Alternative Views

11 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

DEPE (3): depends (3)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

This question was not in the 2009 survey

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: -0.19	Race: social
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	91	71
Reject	466	178

n: 806

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Method in political philosophy: ideal theory
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	51	59
Reject	132	294

n: 536

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Moral principles: moral generalism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	108	39
Reject	294	257

n: 698

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Values in science: necessarily value-free
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	89
Reject	89	477

n: 699

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	73
Reject	133	376

n: 642

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Footbridge: push
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	72	110
Reject	153	492

n: 827

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Justification: coherentism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	110
Reject	150	360

n: 643

p: 0.0002

r: 0.14	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	45
Reject	163	228

n: 498

p: 0.002

r: 0.14	Race: biological
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	51	112
Reject	123	518

n: 804

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Normative ethics: virtue ethics
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	47	124
Reject	286	368

n: 825

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	True contradictions: impossible
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	126	23
Reject	385	140

n: 674

p: 0.0006

r: 0.13	Sleeping beauty: one-third
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	44
Reject	78	159

n: 310

p: 0.0236

r: 0.13	Free will: no free will
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	39	149
Reject	61	642

n: 891

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	118	64
Reject	370	341

n: 893

p: 0.0002

r: -0.13	Quantum mechanics: collapse
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	11	81
Reject	66	245

n: 403

p: 0.0118

r: -0.12	True contradictions: actual
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	136
Reject	80	445

n: 674

p: 0.0012

r: 0.12	Knowledge claims: invariantism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	70	89
Reject	168	449

n: 776

p: 0.0006

r: 0.12	Semantic content: minimalism (no more than a few)
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	99
Reject	39	415

n: 568

p: 0.0038

r: 0.12	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	89	25
Reject	342	191

n: 647

p: 0.0022

r: 0.12	Normative ethics: consequentialism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	87	87
Reject	221	427

n: 822

p: 0.0006

r: -0.12	Kant: one world
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	37	51
Reject	202	190

n: 480

p: 0.0106

r: -0.12	Knowledge: empiricism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	86
Reject	332	231

n: 718

p: 0.0018

r: -0.12	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	17	97
Reject	137	317

n: 568

p: 0.006

r: 0.11	Propositions: structured entities
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	57
Reject	173	260

n: 552

p: 0.0078

r: 0.11	Logic: classical
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	119	40
Reject	336	191

n: 686

p: 0.003

r: 0.11	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	144	36
Reject	474	217

n: 871

p: 0.0011

r: 0.11	Eating animals and animal products: veganism (no and no)
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	45	139
Reject	131	563

n: 878

p: 0.0011

r: -0.11	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	47	86
Reject	259	307

n: 699

p: 0.0035

r: -0.11	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	116
Reject	133	397

n: 669

p: 0.0047

r: -0.11	Arguments for theism: moral
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	127
Reject	65	439

n: 637

p: 0.0058

r: 0.11	Epistemic justification: internalism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	89	83
Reject	250	399

n: 821

p: 0.0021

r: -0.1	Arguments for theism: pragmatic
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	12	121
Reject	100	399

n: 632

p: 0.009

r: -0.1	Extended mind: yes
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	63	74
Reject	298	240

n: 675

p: 0.0076

r: 0.1	Quantum mechanics: many-worlds
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	70
Reject	59	252

n: 403

p: 0.0436

r: 0.1	Aim of philosophy: truth/knowledge
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	98	74
Reject	317	360

n: 849

p: 0.0034

r: -0.1	Propositional attitudes: dispositional
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	31	89
Reject	169	287

n: 576

p: 0.0177

r: -0.1	Theory of reference: deflationary
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	117
Reject	89	360

n: 579

p: 0.0203

r: -0.09	Knowledge claims: contextualism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	71	88
Reject	368	251

n: 778

p: 0.0084

r: 0.09	Race categories: preserve
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	113
Reject	44	455

n: 625

p: 0.021

r: 0.09	Aesthetic value: objective
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	103	66
Reject	321	318

n: 808

p: 0.0103

r: 0.09	Response to external-world skepticism: abductive
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	47	92
Reject	117	409

n: 665

p: 0.0201

r: 0.09	Race: unreal
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	130
Reject	103	532

n: 793

p: 0.0113

r: 0.09	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	143	30
Reject	502	178

n: 853

p: 0.0096

r: -0.09	Moral motivation: internalism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	66	87
Reject	278	302

n: 733

p: 0.0167

r: 0.09	Other minds: adult humans
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	165	0
Reject	608	9

n: 782

p: 0.0138

r: 0.09	Truth: correspondence
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	119	54
Reject	360	287

n: 820

p: 0.0118

r: 0.09	Properties: transcendent universals
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	30	88
Reject	92	323

n: 533

p: 0.0443

r: -0.09	Political philosophy: communitarianism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	31	109
Reject	202	382

n: 724

p: 0.0208

r: -0.09	Eating animals and animal products: omnivorism (yes and yes)
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	88	95
Reject	371	323

n: 877

p: 0.011

r: 0.09	Cosmological fine-tuning: multiverse
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	28	100
Reject	66	389

n: 583

p: 0.0388

r: -0.09	Knowledge claims: relativism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	152
Reject	40	578

n: 777

p: 0.0175

r: -0.08	Normative ethics: deontology
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	119
Reject	255	400

n: 828

p: 0.0147

r: -0.08	Aim of philosophy: understanding
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	91	79
Reject	436	246

n: 852

p: 0.0151

r: 0.08	Propositional attitudes: representational
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	75	45
Reject	220	239

n: 579

p: 0.0458

r: 0.08	Possible worlds: concrete
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	136
Reject	28	560

n: 737

p: 0.0248

r: -0.08	Truth: deflationary
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	42	131
Reject	200	445

n: 818

p: 0.018

r: 0.08	Morality: naturalist realism
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	92
Reject	199	384

n: 735

p: 0.0283

r: 0.08	Response to external-world skepticism: dogmatist
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	29	109
Reject	81	445

n: 664

p: 0.0376

r: -0.08	Gender: social
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	59
Reject	462	176

n: 796

p: 0.0241

r: 0.08	Trolley problem: switch
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	146	28
Reject	463	165

n: 802

p: 0.0242

r: -0.08	Philosophical methods: experimental philosophy
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	52	130
Reject	255	456

n: 893

p: 0.0209

r: -0.08	Philosophical methods: empirical philosophy
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	107	75
Reject	460	251

n: 893

p: 0.0216

r: -0.07	Meaning of life: subjective
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	108
Reject	238	363

n: 763

p: 0.0394

r: 0.07	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	136	41
Reject	468	241

n: 886

p: 0.0408

r: -0.07	Philosophical methods: conceptual engineering
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	113
Reject	317	394

n: 893

p: 0.0458

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Spinoza
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Yes	No
Accept	7	136
Reject	10	560

n: 713

p: 0.015

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Plato
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Yes	No
Accept	13	130
Reject	27	543

n: 713

p: 0.026

r: -0.08	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Yes	No
Accept	7	136
Reject	55	515

n: 713

p: 0.0375

r: 0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Mind
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Yes	No
Accept	49	140
Reject	141	599

n: 929

p: 0.0213

r: -0.08	Region of PhD: Oceania
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Yes	No
Accept	5	139
Reject	34	503

n: 681

p: 0.0492

r: -0.07	Tradition: Other tradition
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Yes	No
Accept	9	179
Reject	66	665

n: 919

p: 0.0232

r: -0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Yes	No
Accept	11	178
Reject	75	665

n: 929

p: 0.0292

r: 0.07	AOS: Metaphysics
Rational disagreement: non-permissivism	Yes	No
Accept	54	135
Reject	172	568

n: 929

p: 0.0298