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Survey Results
Time: A-theory or B-theory?
1123 respondents
Accept or lean towards:
A-theory
A-theory
27.25% (24.84%)
Reject or lean against:
A-theory
A-theory
0.53% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
B-theory
B-theory
38.20% (35.71%)
Reject or lean against:
B-theory
B-theory
0.62% (0.00%)
Accept a combination of views
3.29%
Accept an alternative view
3.47%
The question is too unclear to answer
4.45%
There is no fact of the matter
3.65%
Agnostic/undecided
23.42%
Other
1.16%
Alternative Views
56 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.
- BOTH (7): both (7)
- RELA (5): relativity (3) relationalism (1) relational (1)
- CTHE (5): c-theory (5)
- TEMP (4): temporal (3) temporality (1)
Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey
Geographic filters do not apply to this section.
Option | 2009 | 2020 | Change | Swing | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Option | |||||||||||||
Accept or lean towards: A-theory | 15.47% | 13.89% | 1.58 | -1.83 |
| ||||||||
Accept or lean towards: B-theory | 26.32% | 28.4% | 2.08 | 1.83 |
| ||||||||
Accept a combination of views | 5.05% | 2.16% | 2.89 |
| |||||||||
Accept an alternative view | 1.4% | 1.54% | 0.14 |
| |||||||||
The question is too unclear to answer | 2.04% | 2.47% | 0.43 |
| |||||||||
There is no fact of the matter | 1.83% | 2.78% | 0.95 |
| |||||||||
Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 30.83% | 28.4% | 2.43 |
| |||||||||
Agnostic/undecided | 10.53% | 17.28% | 6.75 |
| |||||||||
Skipped | 5.69% | 2.31% | 3.38 |
| |||||||||
Other | 0.86% | 0.77% | 0.09 |
|
N (2009) = 931
Weighted values
Option | 2009 | 2020 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
A-theory | 25.27 | 22.02 | 3.25 |
B-theory | 36.77 | 32.33 | 4.44 |
Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)
r: -0.7
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 144 |
Reject | 241 | 125 |
n: 534
p < 0.0001
r: 0.59
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 79 | 90 |
Reject | 21 | 345 |
n: 535
p < 0.0001
r: 0.37
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 55 | 112 |
Reject | 41 | 325 |
n: 533
p < 0.0001
r: -0.32
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 52 | 146 |
Reject | 219 | 208 |
n: 625
p < 0.0001
r: -0.31
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 27 | 127 |
Reject | 133 | 182 |
n: 469
p < 0.0001
r: -0.3
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 72 | 110 |
Reject | 224 | 177 |
n: 583
p < 0.0001
r: 0.27
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 113 | 178 |
Reject | 84 | 553 |
n: 928
p < 0.0001
r: 0.27
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 78 | 84 |
Reject | 70 | 339 |
n: 571
p < 0.0001
r: -0.26
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 113 | 163 |
Reject | 411 | 212 |
n: 899
p < 0.0001
r: 0.26
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 143 | 112 |
Reject | 168 | 350 |
n: 773
p < 0.0001
r: 0.25
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 91 | 63 |
Reject | 102 | 212 |
n: 468
p < 0.0001
r: 0.24
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 103 | 183 |
Reject | 96 | 530 |
n: 912
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 110 | 72 |
Reject | 302 | 101 |
n: 585
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 71 |
Reject | 103 | 128 |
n: 348
p < 0.0001
r: -0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 60 | 223 |
Reject | 202 | 394 |
n: 879
p < 0.0001
r: 0.23
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 75 | 86 |
Reject | 80 | 248 |
n: 489
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 140 | 151 |
Reject | 441 | 198 |
n: 930
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 46 | 115 |
Reject | 125 | 203 |
n: 489
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 70 | 54 |
Reject | 98 | 164 |
n: 386
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 171 | 96 |
Reject | 263 | 331 |
n: 861
p < 0.0001
r: -0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 100 | 140 |
Reject | 338 | 196 |
n: 774
p < 0.0001
r: -0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 23 | 169 |
Reject | 89 | 308 |
n: 589
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 35 | 148 |
Reject | 129 | 262 |
n: 574
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 148 | 56 |
Reject | 373 | 62 |
n: 639
p < 0.0001
r: -0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 32 | 92 |
Reject | 93 | 169 |
n: 386
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 226 | 62 |
Reject | 390 | 229 |
n: 907
p < 0.0001
r: -0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 38 | 125 |
Reject | 179 | 230 |
n: 572
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 112 | 52 |
Reject | 195 | 162 |
n: 521
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 58 | 110 |
Reject | 54 | 295 |
n: 517
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 77 | 71 |
Reject | 113 | 225 |
n: 486
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 141 |
Reject | 80 | 277 |
n: 522
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 81 | 166 |
Reject | 76 | 460 |
n: 783
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 19 | 151 |
Reject | 66 | 281 |
n: 517
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 66 | 105 |
Reject | 81 | 274 |
n: 526
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 239 | 45 |
Reject | 422 | 173 |
n: 879
p < 0.0001
r: 0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 113 | 155 |
Reject | 153 | 390 |
n: 811
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 72 | 192 |
Reject | 229 | 353 |
n: 846
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 52 | 218 |
Reject | 176 | 417 |
n: 863
p < 0.0001
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 59 | 106 |
Reject | 73 | 296 |
n: 534
p: 0.0002
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 59 | 118 |
Reject | 78 | 281 |
n: 536
p: 0.0002
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 49 | 119 |
Reject | 155 | 216 |
n: 539
p: 0.0003
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 74 | 100 |
Reject | 205 | 175 |
n: 554
p: 0.0002
r: 0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 84 | 104 |
Reject | 99 | 301 |
n: 588
p: 0.0002
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 98 | 152 |
Reject | 284 | 254 |
n: 788
p < 0.0001
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 82 | 179 |
Reject | 106 | 459 |
n: 826
p < 0.0001
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 76 | 179 |
Reject | 236 | 284 |
n: 775
p < 0.0001
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 98 | 121 |
Reject | 312 | 219 |
n: 750
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 56 | 218 |
Reject | 167 | 431 |
n: 872
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 86 | 172 |
Reject | 229 | 321 |
n: 808
p < 0.0001
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 37 | 107 |
Reject | 31 | 268 |
n: 443
p: 0.0029
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 6 | 190 |
Reject | 32 | 406 |
n: 634
p: 0.0006
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 77 | 101 |
Reject | 121 | 260 |
n: 559
p: 0.0012
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 54 | 57 |
Reject | 125 | 114 |
n: 350
p: 0.0109
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 52 | 113 |
Reject | 60 | 270 |
n: 495
p: 0.0033
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 135 | 132 |
Reject | 212 | 369 |
n: 848
p < 0.0001
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 162 | 120 |
Reject | 414 | 208 |
n: 904
p < 0.0001
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 41 | 209 |
Reject | 112 | 403 |
n: 765
p: 0.0005
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 42 | 117 |
Reject | 46 | 333 |
n: 538
p: 0.005
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 6 | 192 |
Reject | 17 | 410 |
n: 625
p: 0.0027
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 187 | 84 |
Reject | 344 | 249 |
n: 864
p: 0.0004
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 184 | 70 |
Reject | 439 | 155 |
n: 848
p: 0.0005
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 104 | 172 |
Reject | 168 | 405 |
n: 849
p: 0.0007
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 64 | 80 |
Reject | 100 | 198 |
n: 442
p: 0.0164
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 66 | 80 |
Reject | 100 | 214 |
n: 460
p: 0.0145
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 98 | 155 |
Reject | 151 | 409 |
n: 813
p: 0.0012
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 158 | 106 |
Reject | 254 | 344 |
n: 862
p: 0.0009
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 91 | 147 |
Reject | 130 | 361 |
n: 729
p: 0.003
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 129 | 61 |
Reject | 250 | 158 |
n: 598
p: 0.0075
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 14 | 141 |
Reject | 56 | 324 |
n: 535
p: 0.0135
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 14 | 152 |
Reject | 47 | 282 |
n: 495
p: 0.0179
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 34 | 134 |
Reject | 81 | 266 |
n: 515
p: 0.016
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 11 | 242 |
Reject | 33 | 528 |
n: 814
p: 0.0027
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 148 |
Reject | 29 | 321 |
n: 522
p: 0.0167
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 16 | 96 |
Reject | 66 | 195 |
n: 373
p: 0.0435
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 52 | 96 |
Reject | 69 | 230 |
n: 447
p: 0.0274
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 50 | 113 |
Reject | 140 | 201 |
n: 504
p: 0.0203
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 83 | 94 |
Reject | 198 | 162 |
n: 537
p: 0.0277
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 117 | 165 |
Reject | 289 | 333 |
n: 904
p: 0.0047
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 28 | 138 |
Reject | 66 | 265 |
n: 497
p: 0.0374
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 107 | 155 |
Reject | 192 | 389 |
n: 843
p: 0.0067
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 28 | 161 |
Reject | 74 | 326 |
n: 589
p: 0.0248
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 5 | 162 |
Reject | 16 | 351 |
n: 534
p: 0.0332
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 56 | 166 |
Reject | 79 | 419 |
n: 720
p: 0.0135
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 29 | 249 |
Reject | 88 | 518 |
n: 884
p: 0.0067
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 222 | 60 |
Reject | 447 | 175 |
n: 904
p: 0.0065
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 7 | 178 |
Reject | 30 | 369 |
n: 584
p: 0.0292
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 172 | 110 |
Reject | 329 | 293 |
n: 904
p: 0.0067
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 77 | 200 |
Reject | 119 | 447 |
n: 843
p: 0.0105
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 49 | 225 |
Reject | 69 | 485 |
n: 828
p: 0.0117
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 98 | 125 |
Reject | 238 | 262 |
n: 723
p: 0.019
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 67 | 204 |
Reject | 116 | 442 |
n: 829
p: 0.0128
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 52 | 116 |
Reject | 90 | 281 |
n: 539
p: 0.0465
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 8 | 214 |
Reject | 31 | 463 |
n: 716
p: 0.0218
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 249 | 45 |
Reject | 497 | 136 |
n: 927
p: 0.0166
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 76 | 174 |
Reject | 128 | 410 |
n: 788
p: 0.0311
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 97 | 175 |
Reject | 157 | 424 |
n: 853
p: 0.0254
r: -0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 141 | 122 |
Reject | 340 | 227 |
n: 830
p: 0.0278
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 139 | 114 |
Reject | 311 | 251 |
n: 815
p: 0.0378
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 41 | 249 |
Reject | 130 | 494 |
n: 914
p: 0.0449
Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)
r: -0.21
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 19 | 204 |
Reject | 105 | 369 |
n: 697
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 16 | 207 |
Reject | 71 | 403 |
n: 697
p < 0.0001
r: -0.16
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 9 | 214 |
Reject | 67 | 407 |
n: 697
p < 0.0001
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 15 | 208 |
Reject | 8 | 466 |
n: 697
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 244 | 47 |
Reject | 594 | 54 |
n: 939
p < 0.0001
r: 0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 20 | 203 |
Reject | 13 | 461 |
n: 697
p: 0.0006
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 9 | 214 |
Reject | 4 | 470 |
n: 697
p: 0.0028
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 23 | 200 |
Reject | 21 | 453 |
n: 697
p: 0.0031
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 9 | 214 |
Reject | 6 | 468 |
n: 697
p: 0.0044
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 19 | 277 |
Reject | 14 | 647 |
n: 957
p: 0.0014
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 29 | 262 |
Reject | 39 | 609 |
n: 939
p: 0.002
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 47 | 249 |
Reject | 49 | 612 |
n: 957
p: 0.002
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 8 | 215 |
Reject | 3 | 471 |
n: 697
p: 0.0133
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 13 | 283 |
Reject | 15 | 646 |
n: 957
p: 0.0037
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 12 | 284 |
Reject | 38 | 623 |
n: 957
p: 0.0071
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 18 | 273 |
Reject | 15 | 633 |
n: 939
p: 0.0086
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 49 | 174 |
Reject | 80 | 394 |
n: 697
p: 0.0276
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 68 | 216 |
Reject | 108 | 502 |
n: 894
p: 0.0168
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 16 | 280 |
Reject | 21 | 640 |
n: 957
p: 0.0188
r: 0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 26 | 270 |
Reject | 34 | 627 |
n: 957
p: 0.0299
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 12 | 272 |
Reject | 38 | 572 |
n: 894
p: 0.0375
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 126 | 158 |
Reject | 314 | 296 |
n: 894
p: 0.0438
r: 0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 6 | 299 |
Reject | 5 | 661 |
n: 971
p: 0.0426
r: 0.06
| ||
---|---|---|
Time: A-theory | Yes | No |
Accept | 37 | 259 |
Reject | 69 | 592 |
n: 957
p: 0.0467