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Survey Results
Moral motivation: internalism or externalism?
1429 respondents
Accept or lean towards:
internalism
internalism
41.01% (38.14%)
Reject or lean against:
internalism
internalism
0.21% (0.00%)
Accept or lean towards:
externalism
externalism
39.33% (36.60%)
Reject or lean against:
externalism
externalism
0.21% (0.00%)
Accept a combination of views
3.22%
Accept an alternative view
1.82%
The question is too unclear to answer
6.30%
There is no fact of the matter
1.68%
Agnostic/undecided
11.69%
Other
0.56%
Alternative Views
32 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.
- BOTH (5): both (5)
Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey
Geographic filters do not apply to this section.
Option | 2009 | 2020 | Change | Swing | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Option | |||||||||||||
Accept or lean towards: internalism | 34.91% | 29.63% | 5.28 | -4.35 |
| ||||||||
Accept or lean towards: externalism | 29.75% | 33.18% | 3.43 | 4.35 |
| ||||||||
Accept a combination of views | 6.34% | 1.54% | 4.80 |
| |||||||||
Accept an alternative view | 0.75% | 0.77% | 0.02 |
| |||||||||
The question is too unclear to answer | 4.83% | 5.09% | 0.26 |
| |||||||||
There is no fact of the matter | 0.11% | 1.23% | 1.12 |
| |||||||||
Insufficiently familiar with the issue | 14.82% | 16.67% | 1.85 |
| |||||||||
Agnostic/undecided | 6.02% | 9.72% | 3.70 |
| |||||||||
Skipped | 2.15% | 1.85% | 0.30 |
| |||||||||
Other | 0.32% | 0.31% | 0.01 |
|
N (2009) = 931
Weighted values
Option | 2009 | 2020 | Change |
---|---|---|---|
Internalism | 36.88 | 38.96 | 2.08 |
Externalism | 40.74 | 36.55 | 4.19 |
Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 253 | 251 |
Reject | 192 | 409 |
n: 1105
p < 0.0001
r: 0.22
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 191 | 290 |
Reject | 125 | 446 |
n: 1052
p < 0.0001
r: 0.2
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 121 | 93 |
Reject | 86 | 136 |
n: 436
p < 0.0001
r: 0.19
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 39 | 191 |
Reject | 21 | 246 |
n: 497
p < 0.0001
r: -0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 445 | 105 |
Reject | 591 | 68 |
n: 1209
p < 0.0001
r: 0.18
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 98 | 249 |
Reject | 75 | 342 |
n: 764
p < 0.0001
r: -0.17
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 210 | 95 |
Reject | 288 | 75 |
n: 668
p < 0.0001
r: -0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 93 | 137 |
Reject | 134 | 135 |
n: 499
p: 0.0006
r: 0.15
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 52 | 500 |
Reject | 33 | 628 |
n: 1213
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 40 | 154 |
Reject | 50 | 144 |
n: 388
p: 0.005
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 53 | 252 |
Reject | 36 | 327 |
n: 668
p: 0.0003
r: 0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 53 | 499 |
Reject | 26 | 635 |
n: 1213
p < 0.0001
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 126 | 147 |
Reject | 164 | 138 |
n: 575
p: 0.001
r: -0.14
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 388 | 158 |
Reject | 503 | 144 |
n: 1193
p < 0.0001
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 108 | 238 |
Reject | 154 | 264 |
n: 764
p: 0.0002
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 55 | 235 |
Reject | 92 | 267 |
n: 649
p: 0.0009
r: -0.13
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 351 | 185 |
Reject | 469 | 186 |
n: 1191
p < 0.0001
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 95 | 211 |
Reject | 141 | 209 |
n: 656
p: 0.0015
r: -0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 143 | 137 |
Reject | 176 | 144 |
n: 600
p: 0.0042
r: 0.12
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 24 | 281 |
Reject | 16 | 347 |
n: 668
p: 0.0027
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 48 | 193 |
Reject | 76 | 215 |
n: 532
p: 0.0115
r: -0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 191 | 297 |
Reject | 247 | 305 |
n: 1040
p: 0.0006
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 218 | 269 |
Reject | 202 | 351 |
n: 1040
p: 0.0006
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 83 | 250 |
Reject | 53 | 287 |
n: 673
p: 0.0061
r: 0.11
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 101 | 205 |
Reject | 74 | 276 |
n: 656
p: 0.007
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 81 | 429 |
Reject | 50 | 536 |
n: 1096
p: 0.0005
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 122 | 356 |
Reject | 179 | 397 |
n: 1054
p: 0.0007
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 32 | 378 |
Reject | 21 | 464 |
n: 895
p: 0.0018
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 278 | 233 |
Reject | 365 | 223 |
n: 1099
p: 0.0006
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 83 | 156 |
Reject | 106 | 166 |
n: 511
p: 0.0218
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 14 | 261 |
Reject | 10 | 333 |
n: 618
p: 0.013
r: 0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 248 | 268 |
Reject | 238 | 387 |
n: 1141
p: 0.0013
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 355 | 136 |
Reject | 469 | 134 |
n: 1094
p: 0.0017
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 96 | 158 |
Reject | 96 | 224 |
n: 574
p: 0.0232
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 73 | 244 |
Reject | 74 | 303 |
n: 694
p: 0.0127
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 303 | 175 |
Reject | 320 | 257 |
n: 1055
p: 0.0024
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 115 | 161 |
Reject | 111 | 217 |
n: 604
p: 0.0232
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 153 | 196 |
Reject | 221 | 217 |
n: 787
p: 0.012
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 12 | 354 |
Reject | 10 | 405 |
n: 781
p: 0.0132
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 66 | 278 |
Reject | 87 | 302 |
n: 733
p: 0.0167
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 313 | 46 |
Reject | 387 | 47 |
n: 793
p: 0.0134
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 112 | 159 |
Reject | 94 | 208 |
n: 573
p: 0.0372
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 261 | 258 |
Reject | 323 | 278 |
n: 1120
p: 0.0036
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 262 | 196 |
Reject | 275 | 280 |
n: 1013
p: 0.0057
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 83 | 263 |
Reject | 138 | 275 |
n: 759
p: 0.0172
r: 0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 48 | 298 |
Reject | 37 | 378 |
n: 761
p: 0.0175
r: -0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 12 | 307 |
Reject | 24 | 362 |
n: 705
p: 0.0321
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 90 | 324 |
Reject | 75 | 410 |
n: 899
p: 0.0156
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 86 | 441 |
Reject | 78 | 563 |
n: 1168
p: 0.0066
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 125 | 428 |
Reject | 123 | 530 |
n: 1206
p: 0.0058
r: -0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 199 | 294 |
Reject | 270 | 321 |
n: 1084
p: 0.0101
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 117 | 220 |
Reject | 139 | 303 |
n: 779
p: 0.0308
r: 0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 256 | 107 |
Reject | 274 | 155 |
n: 792
p: 0.0298
r: -0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 281 | 265 |
Reject | 371 | 275 |
n: 1192
p: 0.008
r: -0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 235 | 115 |
Reject | 305 | 105 |
n: 760
p: 0.0368
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 20 | 464 |
Reject | 27 | 514 |
n: 1025
p: 0.0206
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 422 | 108 |
Reject | 495 | 124 |
n: 1149
p: 0.0162
r: 0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 181 | 327 |
Reject | 168 | 416 |
n: 1092
p: 0.0193
r: 0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 208 | 320 |
Reject | 189 | 420 |
n: 1137
p: 0.0184
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 241 | 306 |
Reject | 308 | 356 |
n: 1211
p: 0.016
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 420 | 137 |
Reject | 523 | 133 |
n: 1213
p: 0.0197
r: 0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 277 | 194 |
Reject | 274 | 296 |
n: 1041
p: 0.0339
r: 0.06
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 441 | 105 |
Reject | 484 | 162 |
n: 1192
p: 0.0322
r: 0.06
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 108 | 389 |
Reject | 85 | 502 |
n: 1084
p: 0.0497
r: 0.06
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Accept | Reject |
Accept | 292 | 252 |
Reject | 313 | 338 |
n: 1195
p: 0.043
Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 16 | 431 |
Reject | 39 | 440 |
n: 926
p: 0.0015
r: -0.1
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 13 | 434 |
Reject | 27 | 452 |
n: 926
p: 0.0034
r: -0.09
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 11 | 436 |
Reject | 22 | 457 |
n: 926
p: 0.0091
r: -0.08
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 468 | 94 |
Reject | 589 | 77 |
n: 1228
p: 0.0058
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 127 | 441 |
Reject | 180 | 501 |
n: 1249
p: 0.0084
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 20 | 427 |
Reject | 35 | 444 |
n: 926
p: 0.0233
r: 0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 76 | 492 |
Reject | 49 | 632 |
n: 1249
p: 0.0093
r: 0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 104 | 464 |
Reject | 94 | 587 |
n: 1249
p: 0.0142
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 30 | 417 |
Reject | 44 | 435 |
n: 926
p: 0.0396
r: -0.07
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 12 | 435 |
Reject | 25 | 454 |
n: 926
p: 0.0423
r: -0.06
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 57 | 523 |
Reject | 91 | 597 |
n: 1268
p: 0.0303
r: 0.06
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 36 | 526 |
Reject | 31 | 635 |
n: 1228
p: 0.0337
r: -0.06
| ||
---|---|---|
Moral motivation: internalism | Yes | No |
Accept | 15 | 565 |
Reject | 26 | 662 |
n: 1268
p: 0.0311