Survey Results

Knowledge claims: invariantism, contextualism, or relativism?

Population

AOS

Region

for

Exclude answers beyond respondent's first 50

Include skip/insufficiently familiar answers

1474 respondents

What the percentages mean: "Accept or lean toward P: 50% (40%)" means that 50% of respondents endorsed this answer inclusively (including multiple-answer endorsements) and 40% endorsed this answer exclusively (excluding multiple-answer endorsements).

These results should not be used for comparison to 2009 results due to different populations and parameters. For meaningful longitudinal comparisons, see the longitudinal analysis section.

Collapse accept and lean towards

Accept or lean towards:
contextualism

54.61% (52.17%)

Reject or lean against:
contextualism

0.54% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
relativism

5.43% (4.00%)

Reject or lean against:
relativism

1.42% (0.00%)

Accept or lean towards:
invariantism

25.51% (24.29%)

Reject or lean against:
invariantism

1.63% (0.00%)

Accept a combination of views

3.19%

Accept an alternative view

2.10%

The question is too unclear to answer

2.85%

There is no fact of the matter

1.83%

Agnostic/undecided

9.09%

Other

0.47%

N = 1474, excluding skipped & insufficiently familiar (311 respondents)

Most popular option combinations

Options	Number of responses	% of responses
Accept or lean towards: contextualism Accept or lean towards: relativism	17	1.15%
Accept or lean towards: contextualism Accept or lean towards: invariantism	11	0.75%
Accept or lean towards: contextualism Accept or lean towards: relativism Accept or lean towards: invariantism	3	0.20%
Accept or lean towards: contextualism	2	0.14%
Accept or lean towards: invariantism	2	0.14%

Alternative Views

46 target respondents indicated that they accept or lean toward an alternative view. The words used in their responses cluster as follows. These results are not filtered by AOS, region, etc.

PRAG (6): pragmatic (4) pragmatism (1) pragmatistic (1)
EXPR (5): expressivism (3) expressivist (1) expressing (1)
CONC (4): concept (3) concievable (1)
SUBJ (4): subject (3) subject-sensitive (1)
VARI (4): variety (2) variables (1) varieties (1)

Longitudinal comparison to 2009 survey

Comparison type

AOS

Geographic filters do not apply to this section.

Option

2009

2020

Change

Swing

Option

Accept or lean towards: contextualism

40.06%

42.44%

2.38

5.06

2009	40.06%
2020	42.44%
Change	2.38
Swing	5.06

Accept or lean towards: relativism

2.9%

2.62%

0.28

2.41

2009	2.9%
2020	2.62%
Change	0.28
Swing	2.41

Accept or lean towards: invariantism

31.15%

20.99%

10.16

-7.47

2009	31.15%
2020	20.99%
Change	10.16
Swing	-7.47

Accept a combination of views

4.4%

2.31%

2.09

2009	4.4%
2020	2.31%
Change	2.09

Accept an alternative view

1.29%

2.01%

0.72

2009	1.29%
2020	2.01%
Change	0.72

The question is too unclear to answer

2.47%

2.16%

0.31

2009	2.47%
2020	2.16%
Change	0.31

There is no fact of the matter

0.75%

2.01%

1.26

2009	0.75%
2020	2.01%
Change	1.26

Insufficiently familiar with the issue

9.02%

14.04%

5.02

2009	9.02%
2020	14.04%
Change	5.02

Agnostic/undecided

5.69%

9.41%

3.72

2009	5.69%
2020	9.41%
Change	3.72

Skipped

1.93%

1.7%

0.23

2009	1.93%
2020	1.7%
Change	0.23

Other

0.32%

0.31%

0.01

2009	0.32%
2020	0.31%
Change	0.01

N (2020) = 648
N (2009) = 931

Weighted values

Option	2009	2020	Change
Contextualism	44.95	42.48	2.47
Relativism	18.02	18.47	0.45
Invariantism	31.13	37.76	6.63

Strongest correlations with main questions (target population)

r: 0.31	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	116	67
Reject	122	238

n: 543

p < 0.0001

r: 0.29	Semantic content: minimalism (no more than a few)
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	45	139
Reject	19	420

n: 623

p < 0.0001

r: -0.27	Semantic content: minimalism (no more than a few)
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	353
Reject	49	209

n: 626

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Response to external-world skepticism: contextualist
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	80	310
Reject	13	306

n: 709

p < 0.0001

r: 0.26	Morality: non-naturalism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	106	138
Reject	114	411

n: 769

p < 0.0001

r: -0.26	Response to external-world skepticism: contextualist
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	6	218
Reject	86	397

n: 707

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	38	145
Reject	131	227

n: 541

p < 0.0001

r: 0.25	Truth: correspondence
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	252	89
Reject	439	418

n: 1198

p < 0.0001

r: -0.25	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	27	200
Reject	148	343

n: 718

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Abstract objects: Platonism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	209	127
Reject	308	531

n: 1175

p < 0.0001

r: 0.24	Consciousness: dualism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	89	143
Reject	97	409

n: 738

p < 0.0001

r: 0.23	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	110	128
Reject	97	374

n: 709

p < 0.0001

r: -0.23	Truth: deflationary
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	57	284
Reject	261	593

n: 1195

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	Morality: constructivism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	123	306
Reject	43	303

n: 775

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Morality: constructivism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	219
Reject	142	387

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: 0.22	True contradictions: impossible
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	206	34
Reject	310	151

n: 701

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Metaontology: heavyweight realism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	100	189
Reject	138	117

n: 544

p < 0.0001

r: -0.22	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	166
Reject	146	293

n: 623

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Metaontology: deflationary realism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	111	176
Reject	59	196

n: 542

p < 0.0001

r: 0.21	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	124	272
Reject	51	273

n: 720

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Properties: transcendent universals
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	44	252
Reject	88	195

n: 579

p < 0.0001

r: -0.21	Metaontology: anti-realism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	13	169
Reject	57	301

n: 540

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Science: scientific realism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	313	35
Reject	653	232

n: 1233

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Justification: nonreliabilist foundationalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	304
Reject	126	200

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Extended mind: yes
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	96	140
Reject	294	203

n: 733

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Belief or credence: belief
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	104	108
Reject	114	293

n: 619

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Properties: transcendent universals
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	71	142
Reject	61	303

n: 577

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Morality: non-naturalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	90	335
Reject	131	216

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	154	47
Reject	306	187

n: 694

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Continuum hypothesis: determinate
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	73	65
Reject	73	162

n: 373

p < 0.0001

r: -0.2	Justification: coherentism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	43	196
Reject	148	321

n: 708

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	285	72
Reject	555	340

n: 1252

p < 0.0001

r: 0.2	Morality: expressivism
Knowledge claims: relativism	Accept	Reject
Accept	16	24
Reject	76	656

n: 772

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Moral judgment: cognitivism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	296	55
Reject	594	273

n: 1218

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Method in history of philosophy: analytic/rational reconstruction
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	240	166
Reject	220	70

n: 696

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Aesthetic value: objective
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	208	118
Reject	385	464

n: 1175

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Consciousness: dualism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	81	327
Reject	105	228

n: 741

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Wittgenstein: early
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	85	126
Reject	117	383

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	72	154
Reject	261	244

n: 731

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	True contradictions: actual
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	225
Reject	84	377

n: 701

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Cosmological fine-tuning: brute fact
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	54	160
Reject	155	244

n: 613

p < 0.0001

r: -0.19	Meaning of life: subjective
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	86	221
Reject	372	412

n: 1091

p < 0.0001

r: 0.19	Extended mind: yes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	254	153
Reject	138	191

n: 736

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	True contradictions: impossible
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	242	123
Reject	277	62

n: 704

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Response to external-world skepticism: epistemic externalist
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	75	150
Reject	74	410

n: 709

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Belief or credence: credence
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	47	165
Reject	154	253

n: 619

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Truth: correspondence
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	365	334
Reject	327	174

n: 1200

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	58	155
Reject	58	342

n: 613

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Abortion: permissible
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	202	59
Reject	517	71

n: 849

p < 0.0001

r: -0.18	Laws of nature: Humean
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	76	262
Reject	319	524

n: 1181

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Belief or credence: belief
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	99	228
Reject	119	175

n: 621

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Meaning of life: objective
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	167	139
Reject	276	507

n: 1089

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Gender categories: preserve
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	153
Reject	83	413

n: 718

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Knowledge: empiricism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	141	161
Reject	457	296

n: 1055

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Consciousness: identity theory
Knowledge claims: relativism	Accept	Reject
Accept	11	31
Reject	97	601

n: 740

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Consciousness: functionalism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	67	164
Reject	210	298

n: 739

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Abstract objects: Platonism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	257	424
Reject	261	234

n: 1176

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Concepts: nativism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	88	108
Reject	118	295

n: 609

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Material composition: restrictivism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	92
Reject	89	155

n: 418

p: 0.0005

r: -0.17	Wittgenstein: early
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	94	318
Reject	108	193

n: 713

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Justification: coherentism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	127	257
Reject	65	262

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: 0.17	Belief or credence: credence
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	206
Reject	81	213

n: 621

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Continuum hypothesis: determinate
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	60	124
Reject	86	105

n: 375

p: 0.0013

r: 0.16	Values in science: necessarily value-laden
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	223	194
Reject	111	206

n: 734

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Propositions: structured entities
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	117	106
Reject	151	243

n: 617

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	A priori knowledge: yes
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	312	55
Reject	690	236

n: 1293

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Normative concepts: fit
Knowledge claims: relativism	Accept	Reject
Accept	7	16
Reject	48	533

n: 604

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Arguments for theism: pragmatic
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	192
Reject	97	366

n: 673

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Method in political philosophy: ideal theory
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	79	94
Reject	120	282

n: 575

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Philosophical methods: intuition-based philosophy
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	228	127
Reject	443	485

n: 1283

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Response to external-world skepticism: pragmatic
Knowledge claims: relativism	Accept	Reject
Accept	21	22
Reject	154	522

n: 719

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Arguments for theism: pragmatic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	82	292
Reject	35	267

n: 676

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
Knowledge claims: relativism	Accept	Reject
Accept	15	21
Reject	150	439

n: 625

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Meaning of life: subjective
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	313	331
Reject	146	303

n: 1093

p < 0.0001

r: -0.16	Meta-ethics: moral realism
Knowledge claims: relativism	Accept	Reject
Accept	22	48
Reject	819	365

n: 1254

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Response to external-world skepticism: dogmatist
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	55	169
Reject	62	425

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Truth: deflationary
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	215	481
Reject	104	397

n: 1197

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Abortion: permissible
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	418	53
Reject	304	77

n: 852

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	True contradictions: actual
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	68	297
Reject	31	308

n: 704

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Response to external-world skepticism: epistemic externalist
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	62	326
Reject	88	235

n: 711

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Propositional attitudes: representational
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	122	84
Reject	197	217

n: 620

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Truth: epistemic
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	23	318
Reject	122	734

n: 1197

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Foundations of mathematics: set-theoretic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	36	204
Reject	44	172

n: 456

p: 0.001

r: 0.15	Semantic content: radical contextualism (most or all)
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	121	247
Reject	44	214

n: 626

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Gender categories: revise
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	106	116
Reject	294	204

n: 720

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Consciousness: functionalism
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	174	235
Reject	104	229

n: 742

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Immortality: yes
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	145	114
Reject	238	309

n: 806

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: brute fact
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	131	202
Reject	78	202

n: 613

p: 0.0002

r: -0.15	Cosmological fine-tuning: design
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	49	283
Reject	67	214

n: 613

p: 0.0002

r: -0.15	Metaphilosophy: naturalism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	147	164
Reject	481	305

n: 1097

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Morality: expressivism
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	18	224
Reject	74	454

n: 770

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Causation: counterfactual/difference-making
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	76	148
Reject	205	257

n: 686

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	Propositional attitudes: dispositional
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	135	200
Reject	80	206

n: 621

p: 0.0003

r: 0.15	Truth: epistemic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	107	591
Reject	38	463

n: 1199

p < 0.0001

r: -0.15	Gender categories: preserve
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	69	347
Reject	83	222

n: 721

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	Cosmological fine-tuning: multiverse
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	24	190
Reject	79	321

n: 614

p: 0.0004

r: 0.14	Laws of nature: Humean
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Accept	Reject
Accept	271	421
Reject	124	368

n: 1184

p < 0.0001

r: 0.14	Analytic-synthetic distinction: yes
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	279	78
Reject	570	345

n: 1272

p < 0.0001

r: -0.14	True contradictions: possible but non-actual
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	8	232
Reject	33	428

n: 701

p: 0.0002

r: 0.14	Logic: classical
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Accept	Reject
Accept	215	82
Reject	395	290

n: 982

p < 0.0001

Strongest correlations with demographic questions (target population)

r: -0.18	AOS: Epistemology
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	158	628
Reject	195	354

n: 1335

p < 0.0001

r: 0.18	Tradition: Analytic
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	339	27
Reject	784	169

n: 1319

p < 0.0001

r: -0.17	Tradition: Analytic
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	618	159
Reject	508	37

n: 1322

p < 0.0001

r: 0.16	Philosopher: Moore
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	18	258
Reject	14	689

n: 979

p < 0.0001

r: 0.15	AOS: Epistemology
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	143	224
Reject	210	755

n: 1332

p < 0.0001

r: 0.13	Philosopher: Reid
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	16	260
Reject	13	690

n: 979

p < 0.0001

r: -0.13	Philosopher: Moore
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	10	580
Reject	22	369

n: 981

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	AOS: Metaphysics
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	112	255
Reject	193	772

n: 1332

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Tradition: Other tradition
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	16	350
Reject	94	859

n: 1319

p < 0.0001

r: -0.12	Tradition: Continental
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	11	355
Reject	75	878

n: 1319

p < 0.0001

r: 0.12	Tradition: Other tradition
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	88	689
Reject	22	523

n: 1322

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	10	357
Reject	61	904

n: 1332

p < 0.0001

r: 0.11	Philosopher: Descartes
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	22	254
Reject	21	682

n: 979

p: 0.0005

r: -0.11	Philosopher: Descartes
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	15	575
Reject	28	363

n: 981

p: 0.0005

r: 0.11	Tradition: Continental
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	71	706
Reject	15	530

n: 1322

p < 0.0001

r: -0.11	Philosopher: Reid
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	10	580
Reject	20	371

n: 981

p: 0.0007

r: 0.1	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	46	321
Reject	63	902

n: 1332

p < 0.0001

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Russell
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	30	246
Reject	37	666

n: 979

p: 0.0016

r: -0.1	Philosopher: Russell
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	30	560
Reject	37	354

n: 981

p: 0.0017

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Dewey
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	31	559
Reject	5	386

n: 981

p: 0.0022

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Aquinas
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	19	257
Reject	18	685

n: 979

p: 0.0023

r: -0.1	Gender: male
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	606	184
Reject	460	84

n: 1334

p: 0.0004

r: -0.1	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	8	359
Reject	60	905

n: 1332

p: 0.0005

r: 0.1	Philosopher: Plato
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	27	249
Reject	32	671

n: 979

p: 0.0027

r: 0.1	Gender: male
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	309	56
Reject	755	211

n: 1331

p: 0.0005

r: -0.09	AOS: Metaphysics
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	147	639
Reject	158	391

n: 1335

p: 0.0006

r: 0.09	Gender: female
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	180	610
Reject	83	461

n: 1334

p: 0.0006

r: -0.09	Gender: female
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	55	310
Reject	207	759

n: 1331

p: 0.0007

r: 0.09	Region of PhD: Oceania
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	31	522
Reject	9	394

n: 956

p: 0.0041

r: 0.09	Philosopher: Locke
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	13	263
Reject	13	690

n: 979

p: 0.0037

r: 0.09	Region of PhD: Canada
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	29	524
Reject	8	395

n: 956

p: 0.0045

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	18	258
Reject	76	627

n: 979

p: 0.0046

r: -0.09	Philosopher: Dewey
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	5	271
Reject	31	672

n: 979

p: 0.0047

r: 0.09	AOS: Continental Philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	55	731
Reject	16	533

n: 1335

p: 0.0011

r: 0.09	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	35	751
Reject	5	544

n: 1335

p: 0.0014

r: -0.09	AOS: Philosophy of Social Science
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	7	360
Reject	40	925

n: 1332

p: 0.0017

r: -0.08	AOS: Philosophy of Religion
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	54	732
Reject	55	494

n: 1335

p: 0.0023

r: 0.08	Other demographics: YOB
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	168	171
Reject	428	474

n: 1241

p: 0.0039

r: 0.08	Other demographics: YOB
Knowledge claims: relativism	Yes	No
Accept	26	45
Reject	570	601

n: 1242

p: 0.0043

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Arendt
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	12	578
Reject	2	389

n: 981

p: 0.0125

r: -0.08	Other demographics: YOB
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	325	414
Reject	271	234

n: 1244

p: 0.0061

r: 0.08	Philosopher: Nietzsche
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	23	567
Reject	7	384

n: 981

p: 0.0182

r: 0.07	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	138	648
Reject	63	486

n: 1335

p: 0.0064

r: -0.07	AOS: Social and Political Philosophy
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	39	328
Reject	162	803

n: 1332

p: 0.0067

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Beauvoir
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	16	574
Reject	2	389

n: 981

p: 0.0203

r: -0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	5	362
Reject	35	930

n: 1332

p: 0.0086

r: -0.07	Philosopher: Plato
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	30	560
Reject	29	362

n: 981

p: 0.0251

r: -0.07	Region of nationality: Oceania
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	7	337
Reject	57	853

n: 1254

p: 0.0117

r: 0.07	AOS: 19th Century Philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	52	734
Reject	16	533

n: 1335

p: 0.0103

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Whitehead
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	7	583
Reject	0	391

n: 981

p: 0.0286

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Derrida
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	6	584
Reject	1	390

n: 981

p: 0.0286

r: 0.07	Philosopher: Wittgenstein
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	63	527
Reject	31	360

n: 981

p: 0.0322

r: 0.07	AOS: Applied Ethics
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	109	677
Reject	53	496

n: 1335

p: 0.0141

r: 0.07	AOS: Philosophy of Social Science
Knowledge claims: relativism	Yes	No
Accept	8	69
Reject	40	1216

n: 1333

p: 0.0148

r: 0.07	Region of nationality: Oceania
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	47	701
Reject	17	492

n: 1257

p: 0.0204

r: 0.06	Philosopher: Parfit
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	14	262
Reject	18	685

n: 979

p: 0.0443

r: 0.06	AOS: Metaphilosophy
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	23	344
Reject	40	925

n: 1332

p: 0.0211

r: -0.06	Philosopher: Aquinas
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	20	570
Reject	17	374

n: 981

p: 0.0485

r: -0.06	AOS: Epistemology
Knowledge claims: relativism	Yes	No
Accept	24	53
Reject	328	928

n: 1333

p: 0.022

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Biology
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	43	743
Reject	14	535

n: 1335

p: 0.0261

r: 0.06	AOS: Asian Philosophy
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	22	764
Reject	4	545

n: 1335

p: 0.0272

r: 0.06	AOS: Philosophy of Computing and Information
Knowledge claims: contextualism	Yes	No
Accept	16	770
Reject	3	546

n: 1335

p: 0.0362

r: -0.06	Region of affiliation: Oceania
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	11	361
Reject	65	913

n: 1350

p: 0.0356

r: -0.06	Region of affiliation: Canada
Knowledge claims: invariantism	Yes	No
Accept	16	356
Reject	72	906

n: 1350

p: 0.0414